Showing papers in "Trends in Neurosciences in 2015"

TL;DR: Some forms of depression can be considered as a microglia disease (microgliopathy), which should be treated by a personalized medical approach using microglial inhibitors or stimulators depending on the microglian status of the depressed patient.

TL;DR: It is proposed that more consistent operationalization and study of cognitive flexibility is required in clinical and developmental neuroscience and an important avenue for future research is the characterization of the relationship between neural flexibility and cognitive flexibility in typical and atypical development.

TL;DR: Emerging evidence suggests that, following traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries and stroke, GFAP and its breakdown products are rapidly released into biofluids, making them strong candidate biomarkers for such neurological disorders.

TL;DR: How recent progress in understanding of individual differences in intrinsic attention to pain and neural network dynamics in chronic pain can facilitate development of personalized pain therapies is described and the concept of a dynamic 'pain connectome' in the brain is introduced.

TL;DR: It is shown that different types of neural oscillators and cross-frequency interactions yield distinct signatures in neural dynamics, including neural representations of multiple environmental items, communication over distant areas, internal clocking of neural processes, and modulation of neural processing based on temporal predictions.

TL;DR: It is clear that subsets of VTA neurons have different pharmacological properties and participate in separate circuits, and the degree to which MOP receptor agonists act on different VTA circuits depends upon the behavioral state of the animal, which can be altered by manipulations such as food deprivation or prior exposure to MOPceptor agonists.

TL;DR: It is shown that inflammatory cytokines have both a positive and negative role on proliferation and neuronal differentiation, which strengthens the notion that inflammation is involved in molecular and cellular mechanisms associated with complex cognitive processes and, therefore, that alterations in brain-immune communication are relevant to the development of neuropsychiatric disorders.

TL;DR: A global 'parental caregiving' network is chart that integrates conserved structures supporting mammalian caregiving with later-evolving networks and implicates parenting in the evolution of higher order social functions aimed at maximizing infant survival.

TL;DR: A review of recent findings describing the molecular determinants and core cellular pathways that confer BBB properties on CNS endothelial cells highlights the physiological significance of the blood-brain barrier in health and disease.

TL;DR: There is evidence that injury-induced changes in chromatin structure drive stable changes in gene expression and neural function, which may cause several symptoms, including allodynia, hyperalgesia, anxiety, and depression.

TL;DR: This work attempts to integrate the recently described novel roles of wtHTT and altered autophagy in HD, where wild type (wt) HTT also appears to play several roles in regulating the dynamics of Autophagy.

TL;DR: The central extended amygdala is an evolutionarily conserved set of interconnected brain regions that play an important role in threat processing to promote survival and future studies will benefit from understanding alterations incentral extended amygdala function in relation to stress-related psychopathology.

TL;DR: An excitatory synapse hypothesis of depression is proposed in which chronic stress and genetic susceptibility cause changes in the strength of subsets of glutamatergic synapses at multiple locations, leading to a dysfunction of corticomesolimbic reward circuitry that underlies many of the symptoms of depression.

TL;DR: A model in which dopamine can favor NOW processes through phasic signaling in reward circuits or LATER processes through tonic signaled in control circuits is proposed.

TL;DR: The evidence for this new understanding centers on recent experimental findings concerning the functional role of fixational eye movements, the tiny movements humans and other species continually perform, even when attending to a single point.

TL;DR: The evidence that microglia become primed following TBI is discussed and how this corresponds with vulnerability to a 'second hit' and subsequent neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative complications is discussed.

TL;DR: The dopamine neurons that die in Parkinson's disease are anatomically complex, which means that dopamine neurons are susceptible to trafficking deficits, and Familial Parkinson's genes are involved in intracellular trafficking.

TL;DR: A detailed hypothesis describing a role for the claustrum in the segregation of attention is developed, describing a mysterious thin sheet of neurons lying between the insular cortex and the striatum.

TL;DR: This review surveys convergent data from animal and human studies that have contributed significantly to understanding of the brain-behavior relationships in the hippocampal network, particularly in the aging brain.

TL;DR: Findings from electrophysiological, neuroimaging, and behavioral studies supporting the concept that the rewarding effect of pain relief requires opioid signaling in the anterior cingulate cortex, activation of midbrain dopamine neurons, and the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens are reviewed.

TL;DR: The mechanisms whereby deficient mPFC-BLA interactions can lead to generalized fear and anxiety are discussed in learned and innate anxiety and findings with cross-species validity are emphasized.

TL;DR: Evidence for astrocyte involvement across four different behavioral domains is reviewed: cognition, emotion, motor, and sensory processing, which largely supports a direct involvement ofAstrocytes on diverse aspects of behavior.

TL;DR: Memory trace replay results from lingering excitability and synaptic plasticity and the balance of replay mechanisms may be determined by neuromodulation.

TL;DR: Several recent neuroimaging studies that examine components of the putative model in humans with an ultra high risk (UHR) of the psychosis are reviewed, finding data from these studies are broadly consistent with the MAM model.

TL;DR: Research on one major family of postsynaptic adhesion molecules, neuroligins, which bind to their presynaptic partner neurexin across the synaptic cleft are reviewed.

TL;DR: Recent multidisciplinary findings strongly suggest that the third factor required for disease progression is an aberrant microglial immune response, which may initially be beneficial; however, a maladaptive microglia response eventually develops, fueling a feed-forward spread of tau and Aβ pathology.

TL;DR: This work has shown that variation in 'cognitive control' in multiple species correlates best with absolute brain size, and this may be the behavioral outcome of this progressive organizational change in larger brains.

TL;DR: The similarities between behavioural changes during ageing and stress altered behaviours in rodents and humans are examined and how the already stressed aged brain psychologically and physiologically responds to external stressors is explored.

TL;DR: Development of high-throughput sequencing methodologies provides unparalleled potential to discover new mechanisms of disease-associated perturbations of RNA homeostasis, and complementary to candidate single-gene studies, these innovative technologies may elicit the discovery of unexpected mechanisms.

TL;DR: Converging evidence revealing dissociations between the contents of perceptual awareness and different types of eye movement reveals situations in which eye movements are sensitive to particular visual features that fail to modulate perceptual reports.