Showing papers in "Trends in Neurosciences in 2017"

TL;DR: Evidence supporting the use of neuroimaging-based 'brain age' as a biomarker of an individual's brain health is presented and controversies surrounding brain age are discussed.

TL;DR: Results in animal and cellular models of AD and in patients with sporadic late-onset AD suggest that impaired mitophagy contributes to synaptic dysfunction and cognitive deficits by triggering Aβ and Tau accumulation through increases in oxidative damage and cellular energy deficits; these, in turn, impairMitophagy.

TL;DR: The effects and mechanisms of obesity-derived neuro inflammation are discussed, with a specific emphasis on extra-hypothalamic structures, as well as the repercussions of neuroinflammation for some cerebral functions.

TL;DR: Recent studies have determined that genes known to have a causative role in the development of PD are expressed inAstrocytes and have important roles in astrocyte function, and their impact on understanding of the pathophysiology of PD is discussed.

TL;DR: It is argued that the authors know shockingly little about the answer to where do EEG signals come from and what do they mean, and how modern neuroscience technologies that allow us to measure and manipulate neural circuits with high spatiotemporal accuracy might finally bring us some answers.

TL;DR: Questions remain as to how Aβ and tau interdependently cause impairments in synaptic function in AD and more insight into these questions should enable researchers in this field to develop novel therapeutic targets to mitigate or delay the cognitive deficits associated with this devastating disease.

TL;DR: The physiological functions of the insula are summarized and its pathological roles in psychiatric and neurological disorders that have long been underestimated are underscored.

TL;DR: The evidence for motor inhibition during action stopping and action preparation is reviewed, focusing on studies that have used TMS to monitor changes in the excitability of the corticospinal pathway.

TL;DR: It is suggested that a major function for M2 is to flexibly map antecedent signals such as sensory cues to motor actions, thereby enabling adaptive choice behavior.

TL;DR: There is an intricate interplay among maternal mental health, the mother-infant relationship, and the neurobiological mechanisms mediating them that needs to be the focus of future study.

TL;DR: Five fundamental principles of brain network development during the critical first years of life are highlighted, emphasizing strengthened segregation/integration balance, a remarkable hierarchical order from primary to higher-order regions, unparalleled structural and functional maturations, substantial individual variability, and high vulnerability to risk factors and developmental disorders.

TL;DR: An overview of recent studies on Immunoglobulin superfamily adhesion molecules and their crucial impact on neurological disorders is presented.

TL;DR: The diuretic highly specific NKCC1 chloride importer antagonist bumetanide efficiently restores low (Cl-)I levels and attenuates many disorders in experimental conditions and in some clinical trials.

TL;DR: This threshold theory better accounts for the current neurobiology of PD symptom progression compared to the hypothesis that the disease ascends from the PNS to the CNS as proposed by Braak's hypothesis.

TL;DR: The data suggest that astrocyte dysfunction is an important contributor to the onset and progression of some HD symptoms in mice and may provide new therapeutic opportunities to explore in conjunction with neuronal rescue and repair strategies.

TL;DR: This work uses an evolutionary neuroscience approach to develop the adaptive capacity model (ACM), detailing how and why physical activity improves brain function based on an energy-minimizing strategy.

TL;DR: It is proposed that robust sustained activity that can support WM coding arises as a property of association cortices downstream from the early stages of sensory processing.

TL;DR: The growing evidence that KCC2 dysfunction has a central role in the development and severity of the epilepsies is discussed.

TL;DR: This work relies on recent genetic and cellular findings to construct a model proposing that traffic jams in the early endosome can act as an upstream pathogenic hub in AD and predicts that interventions designed to unjam the endosomes carry high therapeutic promise.

TL;DR: How sleep and cerebellar processing may influence one another is evaluated and which scientific routes and technical approaches could be taken to uncover the mechanisms underlying these interactions are highlighted.

TL;DR: A critical literature review identifies three conceptually distinct but often confused applications: inferring neuron type circuitry, predicting synaptic contacts among individual cells, and estimating synapse numbers within neuron pairs.

TL;DR: Current knowledge on the nervous systems of cnidarian species are reviewed and it is proposed that researchers should seize this opportunity and undertake the study of members of this phylum as strategic experimental systems with great basic and translational relevance for neuroscience.

TL;DR: Evidence for a brain-wide change in individual network oscillations, shared by all patients, is largely equivocal, but stronger for lower (delta) than for higher (gamma) bands; region-specific changes in rhythms across multiple, interdependent, nested frequencies may correlate better with pathology.

TL;DR: Current understanding of the intracellular ghrelin orexigenic pathways, including their dependence on other relevant systems implicated in energy balance, is presented.

TL;DR: This review highlights recent advances in translational regulation of gene expression in nociceptive circuits, with a focus on key signaling pathways and mRNA targets that may be tractable for the creation of next-generation pain therapeutics.

TL;DR: Two recent studies have identified the noradrenergic fibres originating in the locus coeruleus as an additional source of neurotransmitter acting on dopaminergic receptors in the hippocampus.

TL;DR: A neural model of the self as an emerging property of interactions between a core 'self network' and a cognitive control network, and a salience network, is proposed, resonating recent efforts in computational psychiatry.

TL;DR: Experimental results on spontaneous synaptic remodeling are reviewed, its relative contributions to totalaptic remodeling, its statistical characteristics, and its physiological importance are addressed.

TL;DR: This review focuses on the regulatory mechanisms and functions of CRTCs in brain metabolism, lifespan, circadian rhythm, and synaptic mechanisms underlying memory and emotion and howCRTCs deregulation in cognitive and emotional disorders may provide the basis for potential clinical and therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases.

TL;DR: A dramatic maturational process ongoing in adolescence is prefrontal cortex development, including its dopamine innervation, which is coordinated by the Netrin-1 guidance cue receptor DCC, which controls the intrinsic development of the prefrontal cortex itself.