Showing papers in "Trends in Neurosciences in 2018"

TL;DR: This review focuses on PBN neurons expressing calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRPPBN) that play a major role in regulating appetite and transmitting real or potential threat signals to the extended amygdala.

TL;DR: Recent advances in epigenetic regulation are presented, with a focus on histone modifications and the implications for several neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

TL;DR: It is argued that the simultaneous tracking of respiration along with electrophysiological recordings is necessary to properly identify brain oscillations and hypothesize that respiration-entrained oscillations aid long-range communication in the brain.

TL;DR: The causes and consequences of LC pathology, dysfunction, and degeneration, as well as their implications for early detection and treatment, are considered.

TL;DR: The progress made is discussed, through the concerted efforts of a diverse group of academic and industry scientists as well as policy advocates, in understanding and treating SCN2A-related disorders.

TL;DR: This review highlights the key roles of inhibitory interneurons in spike correlations and brain rhythms, describes several scales on which GABAergic inhibition regulates timing in neural networks, and identifies potential consequences of inhibitories dysfunction.

TL;DR: The physiological roles of EVs in the healthy and the diseased CNS are discussed, with a focus on recent findings and emerging concepts.

TL;DR: Two recent areas of progress are reviewed, the discovery of risk genes and their implications, with a focus on voltage-gated calcium channels as part of the disease process and as a drug target.

TL;DR: This paper explores alternative interpretations of frequency-specific patterns of neural activity as transient bursts of isolated events and asks how best to distinguish between them.

TL;DR: This work highlights recent efforts to explore the identification of neural signals that reflect some of the core computations underpinning decision formation and considers the conceptual and methodological challenges that arise when seeking to infer decision computations from complex neural data.

TL;DR: A range of bioprinted neural tissue models are reviewed and discussed how they can be used to observe how neurons behave, understand disease processes, develop new therapies and, ultimately, design replacement tissues.

TL;DR: It is argued that many memory deficits in depression appear to be downstream consequences of chronic stress, and addressing memory disruption can have therapeutic value.

TL;DR: A framework is proposed that systematically explains the characteristic layer-specific origin of structural connections and its graded variation across the cortical sheet and across mammalian species, from rodents to humans.

TL;DR: The roles of brain connectivity, repertoire, graph-theoretical techniques, and neural dynamics in understanding the functional brain disconnections and reduced complexity that appear to characterize these states of unconsciousness are focused on.

TL;DR: It is put forth a framework positing that critical brain dynamics are essential for the role of neuronal oscillations in timing and that cross-frequency coupling flexibly organizes neuronal processing across multiple frequencies.

TL;DR: The effects of hearing loss on neural activity is described to illustrate the reasons why current hearing aids are insufficient and to motivate the use of new technologies to explore directions for improving the next generation of devices.

TL;DR: It is reviewed how chromatin regulation acts locally to modulate the expression of specific genes and more broadly to coordinate gene expression programs during transitions between cellular states to highlight the importance of epigenetic transcriptional mechanisms in postmitotic neurons.

TL;DR: The robustness and practicality ofSWA-enhancement techniques are evaluated, approaches for determining a causal role of SWA on cognition are discussed, and questions to clarify the mechanisms of SWa-dependent cognitive improvements are presented.

TL;DR: The identification of these circuits, their functions and mechanisms represent a major advance in the understanding of how the vertebrate brain mediates selective attention.

TL;DR: Three key roles for complement proteins in the developing brain are reviewed: progenitor proliferation, neuronal migration, and synaptic pruning.

TL;DR: An overview of recent advances in the involvement of the UPR in maintaining neuronal proteostasis is provided, and its emerging role in brain development, neuronal physiology, and behavior is discussed, as well as the implications for neurodegenerative diseases involving cognitive decline.

TL;DR: It is shown that sound-offset responses arise from mechanisms and pathways distinct from those producing sound-onset responses, and are likely to be essential for auditory processing of temporally discontinuous sounds such as speech.

TL;DR: Understanding of the nature, causes, and prevalence of CRCI is hampered by a reliance on clinical neuropsychological methods originally designed to detect focal lesions, and future progress will require collaboration between neuroscience andclinical neuropsychology.

TL;DR: It is proposed that the Lombard effect is driven by a subcortical neural network, which can be modulated by cortical processes, which offers mechanistic explanations for two fundamental features of the LombARD effect: its widespread taxonomic distribution across the vertebrate phylogenetic tree and the widely observed variations in compensation magnitude.

TL;DR: Two contributions of research are summarized: the striking impact of the novelty and surprise often of other events happening around the time that a new memory is encoded and how activated prior knowledge guides the updating process that characterises aspects of memory consolidation.

TL;DR: A predominant view of perirhinal cortex and postrhinal/parahippocampal cortex function contends that these structures are tuned to represent objects and spatial information, respectively, but known anatomical connectivity, together with recent electrophysiological, neuroimaging, and lesion data, indicate that both brain areas participate in spatial and nonspatial processing.

TL;DR: Evidence for graded transcriptomic heterogeneity being present, widespread, and functionally relevant in the nervous system is summarized and how these graded differences can map onto higher-order organizational features and how they may reframe existing interpretations of higher- order heterogeneity is explained.

TL;DR: This work draws on recent multidisciplinary studies to identify and interrogate subsets of SpINs and their roles in locomotor and respiratory circuits and discusses potential ways that spinal neuroplasticity can be therapeutically harnessed for recovery.

TL;DR: Millisecond variations in spiking patterns can radically alter motor behavior, suggesting that traditional rate-based theories of motor control require revision.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss shared principles of developmental robustness and evolutionary robustness, and highlight scenarios where such principles result in neural networks that achieve robustness of precision or variability.