Showing papers in "Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems in 2018"

EVALUATION OF AQUATIC LILY (Eichhornia crassipes) AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES FOR PRODUCTION OF OYSTER MUSHROOM

Abstract: The production of the CP-50 strain of Pleurotus ostreatus in water lily ( Eichhornia crassipes ) was evaluated in comparison and combination with some agricultural residues of the region Valsequillo, Puebla. The water lily was collected in the Manuel Avila Camacho dam in the municipality of San Pedro Zacachimalpa to be used in the cultivation of the CP-50 strain under controlled conditions. An experimental random block design was carried out with a total of 240 production units. The highest biological efficiency (EB) is for the corn stubble treatment (136.6%) and the MLA treatment (120.6%), the lowest EB was for the LA treatment with 12.3%. The bromatological analyzes showed that the water lily can increase the crude protein content of the sporomes, where the highest percentage was obtained in the LA treatment with 32.6% and an energy value of 267.20 Kcal / 100 g. Additionally, it was demonstrated in the tests for heavy metals that the consumption of mushrooms grown on substrates supplemented with E. crassipes does not present food toxicity, since they comply with the parameters of the FAO Codex Alimentarium. The production of mushrooms was favored when using E. crassipes in agricultural residues such as barley straw and corn stubble, which represents an excellent option for the production of high protein food and for a more adequate management of aquatic lily within of the Manuel Avila Camacho dam, Puebla.

Carbon, nitrogen and humic substances in biogenic and physicogenic aggregates of a soil with a 10-year history of successive applications of swine waste

Abstract: Applications of swine waste on the soil promote changes in soil aggregation pathways and, consequently, in the chemical attributes of these aggregates. This study aimed to evaluated the effects of different sources and amounts of swine waste on the levels of total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and C and N levels of humic substances (HSs) of the biogenic and physicogenic aggregates in an Ultisol with a history of applications of swine waste for 10 years. Undisturbed soil samples were collected at the depths of 0-5 cm and 5-10 cm, in the treatments without application of waste (CONTROL), with the application of pig slurry (PS) and deep litter (DL) at doses equivalent to one and two times the nitrogen recommendation for maize and oats (PS1X, PS2X, DL1X and DL2X, respectively). The aggregates were separated according to the biogenic and physicogenic formation pathways. Subsequently, TOC, TN, as well as C and N of HSs were quantified: humin (C-HUM/N-HUM), humic acids (C-HAF/N-HAF) and fulvic acids (C-FAF/N-FAF). The application of DL increased the total C and N levels of the aggregates and of the HSs. The continuous application of swine waste have increased TOC, TN, C-HUM, C-HAF, and N-HUM in the biogenic aggregates when compared to physicogenic ones.

SEED DIVERSITY IN NATIVE MEXICAN Jatropha curcas L. AND THEIR ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

Abstract: This study presents an assessment of 51 provenances of Jatropha curcas L. collected in Mexico during a four-year period. Morphological (weight, length, width and thickness) and chemical characteristics (oil, protein and phorbol ester contents) were evaluated. Correlation and cluster analysis were performed to identify similarities among provenance´s characteristics. Long term climatic data (30-year), and accumulative rain and average temperature during the previous 12 months were collected to determine climatic implications on seed characteristics by a principal component analysis. The results indicated that Mexican seeds are heavier and have greater morphological and chemical variability than those reported in other countries, with positive correlation between seed weight and accumulative rain during the previous seven months. The highest correlation between seed parameters was found among length and weight, while protein and oil contents had no correlation with morphological data. Principal component analysis showed that phorbol ester content was negatively correlated with temperature, rain and seed weight. It was concluded that due to their high seed weight, oil and protein contents, native Mexican provenances are valuable germplasm for genetic breeding programs with commercial purposes. Este estudio presenta una evaluacion de 51 procedencias Jatropha curcas L. colectadas en Mexico durante un periodo de cuatro anos. Se evaluaron caracteristicas morfologicas (pesos, longitud, ancho y grosor) y quimicas (contenido de aceites, proteinas y esteres de forbol). Se realizaron analisis de conglomerados y correlacion para identificar similitudes entre las caracteristicas de las procedencias. Se tomaron datos climaticos de largo plazo (30 anos), y precipitacion acumulada y temperatura promedio durante los 12 meses previos, para determinar, mediante un analisis de componentes principales, las implicaciones climaticas sobre las caracteristicas de las semillas. Los resultados indicaron que las semillas mexicanas son mas pesadas y tienen mayor variabilidad morfologica y quimica que las reportadas en otros paises, y una correlacion positiva entre el peso y la lluvia acumulada en los siete meses previos. La mayor correlacion entre parametros se encontro entre longitud y peso, mientras que el contenido de proteinas y la toxicidad no estuvieron correlacionadas con la morfologia de las semillas. El analisis de componentes principales indico que el contenido de esteres de forbol tuvo correlacion negativa con la temperatura, la lluvia y el peso de la semilla. Se concluye que, dado el elevado peso y contenido de aceite y proteinas, las procedencias mexicanas constituyen un germoplasma valioso para programas de mejoramiento genetico con fines comerciales.

Influence of a microbial additive on the productive behavior of pregnant sows, as well as, hematochemical and diarrheal incidence in their offspring

Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the productive behavior in sows, as well as the hematochemical profiles and the incidence of diarrhea in piglets when using a microbial preparation fermented in byproducts of the agroindustry. We used 14 breeding sows, CC21 hybrids (Yorkshire - Landrace/L35 Duroc) and their offspring, divided into two groups: T1, Control and T2, microbial preparation A. T2, contained Lactobacilus acidophilus y Kluyveromyces fragilis L-4 (UCLV). The microbial additive was developed in a substrate composed of molasses, torula yeast and soy milk. 20 ml of microbial preparation were applied to the sows from the last third of gestation until weaning; and the piglets were supplied with 1 ml in mono dose for 2 weeks and subsequently increased to 1.5; 2 and 3 ml per animal respectively. A completely randomized design was used. The productive performance of sows and piglets was evaluated, such as weight gain, average daily gain, feed conversion, protein efficiency ratio, incidence of diarrhea and mortality, and blood profile and blood chemistry. With the use of microbial preparation weight gain, weight gain, average daily gain, feed conversion and protein efficiency ratio varied (P 0.05) between treatments (T1 and T2). In conclusion, the use of microbial preparation in the diet of pigs improves the productive parameters, decreases the incidence of diarrhea and blood profiles vary in some cases in the categories studied

Organic waste from livestock systems: production of biogas and derivatives

Abstract: The objective of this literature review is to evaluate the viability of organic waste from livestock systems with potential for the production of biogas and derivatives. The increase of the world population brings as consequence the imperative need to produce more food. And with it, the increase in livestock production itself that generates excreta that bring with it problems in both human and animal health, pollution to water tributaries and greenhouse gases. The proper treatment of these excreta in biodigesters can recycle nutrients (biol and biosol) and generate energy in the form of methane, promoting the sustainable development of producers and reducing the environmental impact.

Wastes of agroindustry an alternative to develop biopreparates with probiotic capacity

Abstract: The objective of this study was to obtain and characterize three candidate microbial cultures for veterinary probiotics, developed in different substrates on agro-industry wastes. A selection of lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. bulgaricus, Streptoccus thermophillus) and yeasts of Kluyveromyces fragilis (L-4 UCLV) were used to develop probiotic preparations. The substrates chosen were: molasses (as a source of carbohydrates) and soy milk, whey, torula yeast and orange vinasse (as a source of protein) to obtain a high number of microorganisms and levels of organic acids. The substrates under study were composed of: T1, molasses and soy milk. T2, buttermilk more torula yeast and molasses. T3, orange vinasse and molasses. All the variables were incubated for 24 at 37 ° C. Dry matter, crude and true protein, ether extract, ash, viability and microbial concentration were determined in all treatments (T1, T2 and T3). At the time of incubation, the pH values of all the treatments were lower than 4.22 and at 24 hours it was reduced to 3.86. The values of the dry material and ether extract were higher (P<0.05) in T1; the crude and true protein was higher (P<0.05) in T2; whereas, ash was higher (P<0.05) in T3. But for all the variables the microbial concentration and the viability was higher than 93% and 7.7x107 cfu/mL respectively. The results of the present study showed that byproducts such as: molasses, soy milk, whey, milk yeast and orange vinasse are suitable substrates to develop microorganisms with probiotic capacity and obtain an acceptable probiotic for veterinary use.

MORPHOLOGY, PHENOLOGY, NUTRIENTS AND YIELD OF SIX ACCESSIONS OF Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz y Pav (MASHUA)

Abstract: The aim of this work was to characterize the morphology, phenology, main nutrients and yield, of six accessions of mashua ( Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz y Pav) from the central region of Ecuador. The trial was carried out in Cevallos-Ecuador, at 2865 m.a.s.l, single parcels were installed at each accession. The morphological characteristics observed were related to foliage, leaf, stem, flower and tuber. Also, the duration of the four phenological phases were registered; the yield; and the macronutrients of the tuber were analyzed. Analysis were carried out regarding the main components, the variance and conglomerates. The results reveal that the variables associated with the flower and tuber were the most useful for identifying the accessions. The accession Poza Rondador registered the longest duration of the cultivation cycle (282 days), the highest usage of water (Kc 1.1) and the highest content of nutrients (protein 18.25%, phosphorus 0.73% and potassium 2.3%), whilst the Yellow registered the shortest cultivation cycle (169 days) and the lowest amount of nutrients (protein 11.19%, phosphorus 0.42% and potassium 0.99%). The rest of the accessions varied between these ranges. The results suggest the need to promote the cultivation of accessions with higher content of nutrients. On the other hand, they also reveal the need to study secondary metabolites, and to identify accessions with potential to create nutraceutical foods.

NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION AND BIOACTIVE COMPONENTS OF MASHUA (Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz and Pavón)

Abstract: The objective of this revision is to collect information about the chemical and nutritional composition and the bioactive components of mashua; an economically important tuber in the Andean region. This tuber has a high content of bioactive compounds (total phenols, Flavin 3-ols, anthocyanins, proanthocyanins, carotenoids, triterpenes, steroids, flavones and leucoanthocyanidins) which confers it with therapeutic and medicinal properties that have allowed it to be used since pre-Hispanic times, which has elicited a peak in scientific interest in recent years. Recent studies have reported the efficient use of mashua in treating benign prostatic hyperplasia, cancer, as well as chelating properties in metallic ions to remove peroxyl radicals. However, other studies find evidence of negative effects caused by the tuber due to the presence of thiocyanates that when releasing hydrocyanic block oxygen transportation in red blood cells, whilst tannins diminish voluntary feeding of poly-gastric animals, reducing digestibility and productivity. On the other hand, the bioactive components and nutritional composition of the tuber are high in relation to various Andean tubers and certain fruit that have demonstrated an important scientific contribution in medicine and industry

Essential oils as modifiers of human behavior

Abstract: The aim of this review was to know the effect, properties and mechanism of action of essential oils in order to enhance their use as a treatment and adjuvant in some neurodegenerative pathologies and others associated to stress and human behavior, based on clinical trials and descriptive research. Some studies suggest that essential oils have been widely used in various applications, mainly in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food and agricultural industries since middle age. At the same time, based on human and animal studies has been established the effects of some essential oils about their behavior in the treatment of depression, anxiety, schizophrenic, sleep disorders in the regulation of mood modulating several neurotransmitters such as serotonin, noradrenaline, dopamine, glutamate, and gamma-aminobutyric acid also in some degenerative diseases such as Parkinson's or Alzheimer, as well as in the associated behaviors in depressive disorders, Autism spectrum disorder, ADHD, drugs addictions, people with stress and sleep disorders.

Prevalence of antibodies and risk factors to bovine viral diarrhea in non-vaccinated dairy cattle from southern ecuador

Abstract: The aim of this work was to determine the prevalence of antibodies and risk factors of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) in non-vaccinated dairy cattle at the South of Ecuador. A cross-sectional study was carried out to identify risk factors for BVDV infection in 394 randomly selected dairy cows from 75 farms, which were tested for antibodies in milk samples using a commercial Kit ELISA (IDEXX). Epidemiological survey was conducted to determine the risk factors and signs associated with BVDV. Results of this test revealed that the BVDV herd prevalence was 63.5% and the BVDV individual prevalence was 27%. The utilization of artificial insemination (AI) was significantly associated with BVDV status (P > 0.001) where the use of AI increased 2.35 the odds of BVDV positivity (95% CI: 1.46 – 3.38). The cows with clinical signs (diarrhoea, abortions, and ocular and nasal discharge) were not predominantly positive to BVDV antibodies.

Climate change communication between farmers and adaptation strategies in agroecosystems of the mexican sub-humid tropics

Abstract: The comprehension of climate change among farmers in the Mexican sub-humid tropics is critical to becoming a social communication issue. This theoretical presumption guided the present research, whose objective was to understand the importance of communication on climate change regarding to its definition, the identification of impacts and the development of adaptation strategies by farmers from four localities of the central area of the state of Veracruz. This region is part of the Mexican sub-humid tropics. A survey and interviews in depth were conducted. As long as climate change does not become a social communication issue, farmers will not think of it as a threat. That is, there will be no conditions for farmers to design and implement medium and long-term adaptation strategies in their agroecosystems, either self-supported or with institutional help.

Comparison of agroecosystem assessment frameworks

Abstract: The formulation of the concept of sustainability indicates the need to consider in a integral and global way the productive processes, as well as, the obtaining of sustainability measures. In this way lists of indicators and characteristics that they should have were made. Concepts, criteria and methodologies were then proposed to select / derive / build indicators that define the sustainability indexes or that were part of different sustainability evaluation frameworks. In Latin America, systems have been developed to evaluate agroecosystems with an unequal degree of conceptualization and rigor, and also with different criteria. Since these systems have been fairly analyzed in their conceptual phase as well as in their applied phase, in this article we propose to compare the "Framework for the evaluation of natural resource management systems incorporating sustainability indicators" (MESMIS) and the framework "Evaluation of agroecosystems through sustainability indicators", looking for similarities and differences between them, in order to highlight their advantages and limitations. As a general conclusion it is stated that none of the two frameworks presents in general, overcoming characteristics. However, the systemic approach present in the MESMIS framework gives it greater heuristic power.

GENETIC DIVERSITY IN PARTHENOCARPIC VARIETIES OF PUMPKIN (Cucurbita pepo L.) BY RAPD

Abstract: Parthenocarpy is the ability of the ovary to develop without the need for the stimulation of pollination so that the fruit forms and grows normally until physiological or commercial maturity. In this study, 46 parthenocarpic varieties of squash ( Cucubita pepo L.) type round zucchini obtained at the Autonomous University of Chapingo were analyzed, the objective was to identify the diversity and genetic variability existing between the varieties and obtain the corresponding genetic fingerprints. Molecular markers type RAPD (random amplification of polymorphic DNA) were used, in which 14 primers of the Operon series A were tested, of which five were selected associated to a total of 44 loci. 84.1% of the loci were polymorphic, among the parthenocarpic varieties, this indicated few genetic variability. The dendrogram of genetic similarity yielded five groupings, the genetic distance was very close to one, with a range of 0.6573 and 0.9770, indicating that they are highly genetically related varieties; this genetic variation between loci was expressed with 95.45% of the polymorphism. The genotypes studied provide a valuable source of parthenocarpy base for the genetic improvement of zucchini for vegetables that do not require stimulation of pollination to develop, suitable for production under cover.

Evaluation of impact on productivity and profitability of technology in the bovine system of double purpose of the mexican tropic

Abstract: The objective is to evaluate the impact on productivity and profitability of use of technological practices nutrition, reproduction, feed, health, enterprise management and management of the milking, promoted by the technical assistance received by the producers of the BDP system in the tropics of Mexico. 206 monthly information on production units (UP) dual purpose cattle was analyzed in the states of Campeche, Colima, Nayarit, Sinaloa and Veracruz who received technical assistance and training livestock during fiscal years 2011 and 2012 was captured stratification was obtained technological producers applying multivariate methods, with the resulting groups indicators milk production were estimated per cow per day (PLVD), daily weight gain (GDP), profitability (Re) and unit costs of milk (CUPL) and meat (CUPC) to assess the impact of technology through a univariate analysis and test averages. Two types of producers were identified: 1) low technological level (76%), which apply on average 33% of innovations; 2) intermediate technological level (24%), which use on average 66% of innovations. By comparing the productive and economic variables of the two types of producers, it was found that those who use more innovations get more milk production, 8% more profitability and save $ 1.42 per kg of meat produced. It is concluded that by applying more components related to animal nutrition, herd health and production unit management improves the profitability and productivity of BDP producers.

ANCESTRAL PRACTICES IN THE CULTIVATION OF Manihot esculenta CRANTZ IN AMAZONIAN INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES OF ECUADOR

Abstract: El objetivo del estudio fue identificar la permanencia de practicas ancestrales en el cultivo de Manihot esculenta Crantz (Yuca) en Unidades Productivas de comunidades amazonicas del Ecuador. El estudio se llevo a cabo en la Parroquia Madre Tierra del Canton Pastaza, Ecuador. Los agricultores (62 informantes) fueron seleccionados mediante muestreo no probabilistico, con el criterio de cultivar Yuca en sus unidades productivas. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas, recorridos de observacion y entrevistas a profundidad. Las variables analizadas fueron: edad, nivel de educacion, genero de los informantes; superficie cultivada; variedades de yuca cultivadas; observacion de las fases lunares; asociacion con otros cultivos; metodos de control de plagas y malezas; metodos de almacenamiento de la yuca, usos medicinales y practicas rituales asociadas al cultivo. Los resultados muestran que el promedio de edad de los agricultores es 55.7 anos; la mayoria son mujeres (62.7 %); el 88.7 % consideran la fase lunar para la siembra, de ellos el 92.7 % siembran en luna llena; cultivan cuatro especies de yuca; usan dos metodos tradicionales para el control de la hormiga arriera. Los resultados sugieren la necesidad de promover el uso de practicas ancestrales sostenibles en los programas de transferencia de tecnologia del cultivo de la yuca.

Milk production, grazing behaviour and biomass quality in native tropical pastures grazed to different stocking rate during two years

Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine the effect of stocking rate (SR: 2, 3 and 4 cows/ha) upon standing dry matter variables, its quality and ingestive behavior of F1 Holstein x Zebu cows that grazed rotationally and considering the climatic seasons (S): Rainy, winter and dry in the north-central region of the State of Veracruz. A completely randomized design was used. The analysis of variance considered the fixed effects of SR, S and their interaction, being the season the repeated measurement and the experimental unit the subject. The standing dry matter (kg/ha) was affected by S (7140±637, 5341±524 and 4512±719, respectively), but not by SR. Grazing time (min/cow/d) was similar between 2 (428±71) and 4 (400±83) cows/ha, both different from 3 cows/ha (462±55). Ruminating time (min/cow/day) was affected by SR, averaging 372±104, 364±96, and 315±90 min/cow/d, respectively. In situ dry matter digestibility (%) went from 57.6±1.3 to 79.2±1.6 for leaves and from 62.6±2.0 to 78.8±0.5 for stems; either component increased their values as SR increased. Daily milk yield per cow was not affected by SR. It is concluded that que there is a significant effect of SR upon grazing and ruminating time, but these variables were not statistically related to pasture variables and individual milk yield, mostly due to the fact that forage availability never limited pasture intake in any of the three stocking rates utilized. Key words : Daily milk yield; biting rate; climatic period; standing dry matter; pasture management. RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue determinar el efecto de la carga animal (CA: 2, 3 y 4 vacas/ha) sobre el porcentaje de materia seca de gramas nativas, su calidad, y el comportamiento ingestivo de vacas F1 Holstein x Cebu, en pastoreo rotacional en epoca (E) de lluvia, nortes y seca; en la zona centro norte del estado de Veracruz. Se empleo un diseno completamente al azar. Tanto las variables de pastura como de comportamiento animal y produccion de leche, se analizaron con un modelo estadistico que considero los efectos de CA, E, y sus interacciones; ademas de mediciones repetidas en la unidad experimental. La materia seca total en pie (kg/ha) fue afectada por E (7140±637, 5341±524 y 4512±719, respectivamente) pero no por CA. El tiempo de pastoreo (min/vaca/d) fue identico entre 2 (428±71) y 4 (400±83) vacas/ha, y diferentes de 3 vacas/ha (462±55). El tiempo de rumia fue afectado por CA (2, 3 y 4 vacas/ha), promediando: 372±104, 364±96, y 315±90 min/vaca/d, respectivamente. La digestibilidad in situ de la materia seca (%) para hojas fue de 57.6±1.3 a 79.2±1.6, y para tallos de 62.6±2.0 a 78.8±0.5, en ambos componentes el valor es mayor conforme se incremento la CA. La produccion lactea (8.1±2.5) no se afecto por CA. Se concluye que existe un efecto de CA sobre el tiempo de pastoreo y rumia; aunque no hubo una relacion alta entre este comportamiento, las variables de la pastura y la produccion lactea debido al rendimiento similar de forraje obtenido. Palabras clave : produccion lactea; tasa de bocados; periodo climatico; rendimiento de materia seca; manejo de la pastura.

Prevalence of trypanosoma cruzi in backyard mammals from a rural community of Yucatan, Mexico

Abstract: Trypanosoma cruzi the causative agent of Chagas disease, can be found in more than 150 different species of domestic and wild mammals in the American continent. Domestic mammals like dogs, and commensal rodents, have been frequently implicated as hosts and/or reservoirs in the domestic and peridomestic cycle of transmission, however, little attention have been paid to backyard mammals as potential maintaining hosts of T. cruzi in the peridomicile. In the present work, we reported the first data of prevalence of infection with T. cruzi in the backyard mammals of households in a rural community of Yucatan, Mexico. A total of 84 animals, including swine, sheep, horses, cattle and rabbits, were sampled. Blood samples were collected and processed for DNA extraction of parasite and analyzed by PCR technique. From all animals tested, 75% of the pigs (21/28), 85.71% of the sheep (6/7) and 100% of the horses (8/8), were positive for T. cruzi . Cattle (28) and rabbits (13) were negative. The results obtained constitute an important preliminary evidence to implicate backyard mammals as potential maintaining hosts of T. cruzi in the peridomestic habitat of rural communities in Yucatan.

Insecticidal effects of acetone, ethanol and aqueous extracts of Azadirachta indica (A. Juss), Citrus aurantium (L.), Citrus sinensis (L.) and Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Dehnh.) against mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae).

Abstract: Mealybugs (Hemiptera; Pseudococcidae) are one of the noxious sucking pests infesting ornamental and horticulture crops including citrus. It is emerging as a severe threat to citrus industry in Indo-Pak region. This study determined in-vitro toxicity of different botanical extracts viz ; neem ( Azadirachta indica ) , sour orange ( Citrus aurantium ), sweet orange ( Citrus sinensis ) and eucalyptus ( Eucalyptus camaldulensis ) against adult females and 2 nd instar nymphs of Drosicha mangiferae , a mealybug species regularly infesting citrus crop since last decade. Water, ethanol and acetone were used as extraction solvents. Leaf-dip and twig-dip methods were used for 2 nd instar mealybug nymphs and adult female individuals, respectively. Five concentrations (0, 8, 16, 32 and 64%) of botanical extracts were bioassayed with four replications for each. Mortality of insects was observed at 24, 48 and 72 h post-treatment for nymphs and at 24 and 48 h post-treatment for adults. Data was subjected to probit analysis and two-way factorial ANOVA taking time and concentration as factors. Results revealed that the most toxic botanicals with minimum LC 50 values against citrus mealybug adults were acetone extracts of A. indica and E. camaldulensis followed by ethanol extracts of C. sinensis seeds and C. aurantium leaves, while the most effective botanicals against 2 nd instar mealybug nymphs were aqueous, ethanol and acetone extracts of A. indica and E. camaldulensis followed by ethanol extracts of C. sinensis peels and C. aurantium seeds. As expected, 2 nd instar nymphs were found more susceptible to all extracts as compared to adult female individuals, most probably due to reduced penetration of botanical extract in adult insects due to powdery cushion on body. It is concluded that botanical insecticides can play a significant role in the management of insect/mite pests as being substitutes of toxic and hazardous synthetic chemicals. Particularly, neem ( A. indica ) and eucalyptus ( E. camaldulensis ) could be effective options against mealybugs and other hemipterous pests, and should be incorporated in the future pest management programs.

Animal welfare and poultry productivity, a short review

Abstract: The aim of this review is to present production alternatives based on animal welfare standards and good management practices on broiler and posture breeding. The excessive intensive production of eggs and chicken meat comes from the demand for food from a growing world population. And it has forgotten good animal husbandry and management practices. Which causes an imbalance of the sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medullary tissue that control the response of the poultry to stress, raising catecholamine levels inducing the release of glucose causing liver, heart and neuronal failure. these effects become visible due to the increase of diseases since the immune system is depressed, food intake decreases, oxytocin inhibition, which results in reduced reproduction and even death of the poultry. The incorporation of animal welfare standards imposed in intensive breeding, as well as, the production of eggs and meat under production systems (grazing) and backyard production become a sustainable alternative that maximizes the welfare of the poultry

Rumen metagenome sequencing technology

Abstract: Ruminant livestock and their products have a high economic importance in the world. Their rumen is part of a complex digestive system, contains a microbial community of great importance to the host and with functions related to health, productivity, greenhouse gas emissions, and others. Within the microbial community of the rumen, the bacterial population constitutes the highest population biomass; they are the most active and fermentative and contributes with an important nutrient supply to the host. The DNA sequencing technologies in the molecular age, has allowed to identify an unprecedented number of microorganisms through metagenomics, identifying microbial communities from the sequence of molecular markers, integrated in all microorganisms. Metagenomic studies effectively increased knowledge related to ruminal microbial diversity. However, several factors that can influence the inference of population profiles, makes comparison between studies difficult. This review analyzes several factors that can generate variability in the profiles of the microbial population and presents the state of the art of the sequencing technologies applied in metagenomic studies. On the other hand, makes a comparison between several studies and meta-analysis of the rumen microbiome, with a focus on the dominant populations and their functions. Finally, makes a proposal that could be useful in the difficult challenge of effectively manipulating the composition and function of the ruminal microbiome and opening the possibility for sustainable production.

BLACK OAT (Avena strigosa) SILAGE FOR SMALL-SCALE DAIRY SYSTEMS IN THE HIGHLANDS OF CENTRAL MEXICO

Abstract: Black oat ( Avena strigosa cv. Saia) silage (BOS) as an alternative forage for the dry season in small-scale dairy systems was evaluated against maize silage (MSL) at 6.0 kg DM/cow/day. Treatments were evaluated through on farm participatory livestock research: T1=100 BOS, T2=66:34 BOS:MSL, T3=34:66 BOS:MSL, and T4=100 MSL fed to milking dairy cows that also received 4.5 kg DM/cow/day of a commercial compound dairy concentrate and 2.2 kg DM/cow/day of cut-and-carry pasture. Eight Holstein cows were allotted to a replicated 4X4 Latin Square design, with 14 day experimental periods. Daily milk yields and milk composition were measured during the last four days, and live weight and body condition score recorded on the last day of each period. Feeding costs were determined by partial budget analysis. There were no differences in milk yield (15.9±0.26 kg/cow/day), or milk composition with mean values for milkfat of 38.8±0.86 g/kg, milk protein 32.2±0.38 g/kg, and lactose 46.3±0.22 g/kg. There were also no differences in milk urea nitrogen (MUN) with a mean of 11.8±0.83 mg/dl, live weight 385.6±1.67 kg, or body condition score with a mean of 2.6±0.01. Feeding costs per kg milk were 33% higher in T1 and T2 than T4, with intermediate feeding costs in T3 (T1=0.88, T2= 0.85, T3= 0.74, T4= 0.66 R$/kg). Profit margins and income/feeding costs were all positive. Black oat silage may be an alternative forage in small-scale dairy systems in the dry season when maize silage cannot be cultivated or fails due to climate concerns.

EVALUATION OF BACTERIAL ISOLATES IN THE CONTROL OF Plutella xylostella L. IN BROCCOLI

Abstract: The diamondback moth ( Plutella xylostella L.) is an insect that causes great losses in Brassica plantations, which may reach 100% loss in some cases. The most common method to control this pest is still the use of insecticide. However, its successive and arbitrary use has contributed to the development of insecticide resistance, and the study of alternative methods has become essential to successfully control the diamondback moth in broccoli. The objective of this study was to select isolates of rhizobacteria that act to control diamondback moth in broccoli. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with three bacterial isolates [1 - Kluyvera ascorbata (EN4); 2 - Bacillus subtllis (R14); 3 - Bacillus cereus (C210) and 4 - Control (distilled water + spreader sticker)] tested with 5 repetitions in 20 m 2 plots. Larval viability (LV), pupal viability (PV), larval stage duration (LD), pupal stage duration (PD), pupal weight (PW) and total mortality (TM) were evaluated. The rhizobacteria isolates performed better to reduce larval and pupal viability, larval and pupal duration, and increase total mortality, and can be used as a management option to complement the control strategies of the diamondback moth in broccoli.

Sorghum grain demand in mexico with the technique of distributed delays

Abstract: Sorghum ( Sorghum vulgare Pers) is one of the most important grains for the Mexican livestock industry, it is the second largest basic grain and is considered the main ingredient in the production of balanced nourishment. In order to estimate the determining factors of grain sorghum demand in Mexico, a multi-variable linear econometric model for the 1995-2014 period was estimated using the distributed delays technique. The results displayed that sorghum demand responds inelastically to changes in price, with price elasticities of 0.35 and 0.42 in the short and long term, while an increase in the price of maize causes the demand for sorghum to increase by 0.39 and 0.47, which makes it a substitute and inelastic good for grain consumption. Unit percentage increases in beef cattle and milk population would increase sorghum demand by 0.60 and 0.51. The adjustment rate between the current consumption and the desired grain consumption was 0.85, it is a quick adjustment, so the market does not overreact to changes in prices, and it is stable and controlled in the short term. Is possible to conclude that demand for sorghum in Mexico is more influenced by the increase of beef and milk cattle as well as poultry.

FERTILIZATION AND PRODUCTION OF GRASSES OF THE GENUS Pennisetum IN SANTO DOMINGO, ECUADOR

Abstract: The present research contributes to the efficient nutrient management to pastures, and to the efficient use of cutting grasses in animal feed. In order to evaluate the productive performance of four genotypes of grass of genus Pennisetum (Common Elephant; King grass; Camerun; y Maralfalfa.) and the effect of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S fertilization, an experiment was conducted on the experimental farm "El Oasis", from the Universidad Tecnologica Equinoccial. The design was used were random blocks with factorial accordance of the genotypes of grass (factor A) and fertilization (factor B) treatments. The variables that were analyzed were: total dry matter (MSt), partial factor productivity (FPP), leaf-stem relationship and age of cutting. The Common Elephant grass presented the highest production of MSt and MS of stems with 14.8 and 9.0 t ha -1 , respectively (P 0.05) due to the omission of nutrients in the leaf:stem relationship in the dry plant. The fertilization without Mg and the complete underground fertilization, each one showed the highest reduction (P < 0.05) on production of MS stems in the 120 d sampling. It is concluded that Common Elephant was the genotype least affected by the omission of nutrients in the accumulated production of MS and FPP.

CULTIVATION OF WILD SPECIES OF GENUS Physalis AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH SYNANTHROPY

Abstract: The synanthropic species (weed) have been the object of study where they emphasize their attributes of adaptation to anthropogenic environments. The genus Physalis , is an ideal taxon to study the adaptation of these wild species to areas of cultivation. The objective of the research was to measure the adaptation of eight genotypes of Physalis in two localities, measured through an index to identify according to their morphological and physiological characteristics which are favorable to introduce them as cultivated plants. The experimental design was of complete randomized blocks with factorial arrangement having two study factors: genotypes and localities. The 16 treatments resulted from the combinations of eight species of Physalis and two localities located in Morelos and the State of Mexico. The data were analyzed with ANOVA and the means of the treatments were compared with the (HSD) test (p<0.05). To determine the relationship between the synanthropic index and the morphological and physiological variables, the correlation coefficients were estimated and regression equations were estimated between the index and the variables leaf area and number of seeds to establish a cause - effect relationship. Wild species of species cultivated in Mexico such as Physalis philadelphica and P . angulat a presented the highest averages in all variables under study. It was confirmed that P. philadelphica with greater synanthropic index (1.5) had vigorous growth and increased production of dry matter, fruits and seeds. The variables foliar area and number of seeds showed positive and highly significant correlation with the index synanthropic. The correlation coefficients in Texcoco and Tlalquiltenango respectively were 0.84 and 0.85 for leaf area and 0.85 and 0.83 for number of seeds. The regression equations estimated between the synanthropic index and the leaf area variables and number of seeds showed greater adaptation of Physalis to be introduced as cultivated plants.

In vitro RUMEN FERMENTATION CHARACTERISTICS, METHANE PRODUCTION AND RUMEN MICROBIAL COMMUNITY OF TWO MAJOR Acacia SPECIES USED IN SAHELIAN REGION OF BURKINA FASO

Abstract: Acacia nilotica var adansonii (Guill. et Perr.) O. Ktze and Acacia raddiana (Savi) species are local ressources important to feed animals in Sahelian area of Burkina Faso. Thus, this experiment was to investigate the in vitro effect of both Acacias on ruminal fermentation, CH 4 production and rumen microbial community using a semi-automatic system. In all experiments, 25 mL of the inoculum solution was incubated with 50 mL of buffered rumen fluid at 39 °C and gas production was measured at 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h. The results show that A. nilotica was rich in condensed tannins and fiber content compared to A. raddiana which was rich in total tannins. A. raddiana treatment presented greater degradability of organic matter and lower CH 4 production compared to A. nilotica and control group (P 0.05). We conclude that A. nilotica leaves showed negative effect on ruminal fermentation due to high fiber and CT content, and A. raddiana could be an interesting plant to increase fiber digestion and reduce CH 4 production in vitro.

Insecticides of different toxicological group evaluated for control of thrips in gladiolus (Gladiolus glandiflorus Hort.) in field.

Abstract: Catedrático CONACYT-Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias. Mariano Jiménez S/N. Col. El Varillero, Apatzingán, Michoacán, México. C. P. 60660. Email: loera6@hotmail.com, alunacr@conacyt.mx Catedrática CONACYTUniversidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro. Calzada Antonio Narro # 1923, Buenavista, Saltillo, Coahuila, México. C. P. 25315. Email: yrodriguezpa@conacyt.mx, miriam.sanchez@uaaan.mx Colegio de Postgraduados. Carretera México-Texcoco. Km. 36.5, Montecillo, Texcoco de Mora, Estado de México, México. C. P. 56230. Email: loera.maria@colpos.mx Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Departamento de Parasitología Agrícola. Carretera México-Texcoco, Km 38.5, Texcoco de Mora, México. C. P. 56230. Email: vmpinto@correo.chapingo.mx * Corresponding author

Risk factors associated with abortion and calf preweaning mortality in a beef cattle system in southeastern mexico

Abstract: Data from 2438 calvings born to 682 cows recorded from 2004 to 2015 in an extensive production system were used, to investigate factors associated with abortion and calf mortality until weaning. Cows belonged to Brahman, Nellore, Guzerat and Brown Swiss x Zebu breed groups. Data were analyzed using binary logistic regression, and the statistical model included the effects of year and season of calving (or abortion), parity number, breed group of the cow and sex (only for preweaning mortality). Abortion rate was 0.99% varying from 0.61% to 1.94% among year groups. First parity and Nellore cows had the greatest abortion rates (1.66 and 1.46%, respectively). The calf mortality rate was 9.65%, varying from 3.18% to 14.65% across all years. The major factors associated ( P < 0.05) with mortality of calves included year and season of calving, parity number and breed group of the cow. Nellore cows had the highest odds of preweaning mortality (OR=4.41). Cow parity number and season of calving were also associated with calf mortality. First parity cows had the major calf losses overall. In conclusion, closer attention to the management of first parity cows could reduce calf mortality.

DISINFECTION OF COWPEA (Vigna unguiculata) SEEDS ON SEEDLINGS DEVELOPMENT

Abstract: The fast expansion of annual crops in recent decades with little phytosanitary management has led to the dissemination of several pathogens in the Brazilian cowpea-producing regions. Although, seed treatment is a common practice, there are no registered products for the cowpea and farmers apply the fungicides recommended for soybean cultivation. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of sodium hypochlorite and fungicidal treatments on the germination and initial development of seedlings of five cowpea cultivars under greenhouse conditions. Two experiments were established, one with seeds of five cultivars stored during 120 d, and another with newly collected seeds, disinfected or not with sodium hypochlorite, and treated with five fungicides. Emergence in sand, germination speed, and dry mass of seedlings were evaluated. Germination in sand, germination speed and dry mass of seedlings obtained from seeds of cowpea cultivars were negatively influenced by sodium hypochlorite disinfection. Fungicides used negatively influenced cowpea seed vigor for BRS Cauame and BRS Novaera, even in the absence of sodium hypochlorite. Seed germination of five cowpea cultivars was not affected by the fungicides fludioxonil, carbendazim, carbendazim + thiram and carboxin + thiram.