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Showing papers in "Turkish Journal of Biology in 2007"


Journal Article
TL;DR: The results obtained in the present study suggest that Caesalpinia pulcherrima can be used in treating diseases caused by the test organisms.
Abstract: The antibacterial effect of some selected Indian medicinal plants was evaluated on bacterial strains like Bacillus cereus ATCC11778, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923, Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC13048, Escherichia coli ATCC25922 and Klebsiella pneumoniae NCIM2719. The solvents used for the extraction of plants were water and methanol. The in vitro antibacterial activity was performed by agar disc diffusion and agar well diffusion method. The most susceptible Gram-positive bacteria was B. cereus, while the most susceptible Gram-negative bacteria was K. pneumoniae. The extracts of Abrus precatorius, Cardiospermum halicacabum and Gmelina asiatica could not inhibit any of the bacterial strains investigated. The most active antibacterial plant was Caesalpinia pulcherrima. The significant antibacterial activity of active extracts was compared with the standard antimicrobics, piperacillin (100 µg/disc) and gentamicin (10 µg/disc). The results obtained in the present study suggest that Caesalpinia pulcherrima can be used in treating diseases caused by the test organisms.

639 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: Emblica officinalis showed strong activity against all the tested bacterial strains and can be used to discover bioactive natural products that may serve as leads in the development of new pharmaceuticals that address unmet therapeutic needs.
Abstract: Ten medicinal plants, namely Commiphora wightii, Hibiscus cannabinus, Anethum gravelons, Emblica officinalis, Ficus religiosa, Ficus racemosa, Ficus benghalensis, Ficus tisela, Mentha arvensis and Mimusops elengi, were screened for potential antibacterial activity against medically important bacterial strains, namely Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Alcaligenes faecalis and Salmonella typhimurium. The antibacterial activity was determined in aqueous and ethanol extracts using both agar disc diffusion and agar well diffusion methods. The ethanol extracts were more potent than aqueous extracts of all the plants studied. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhimurium were the most resistant strains while the most susceptible bacterial strains were Bacillus cereus and Proteus mirabilis. Emblica officinalis showed strong activity against all the tested bacterial strains. Hence, this plant can be used to discover bioactive natural products that may serve as leads in the development of new pharmaceuticals that address unmet therapeutic needs.

147 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: Among the plant species screened, the best antimicrobial activity was shown by Aristolochia indica; hence, this plant can be further subjected to isolation of the therapeutic antimicrobials and to further pharmacological evaluation.
Abstract: The methanol and acetone extracts of 14 plants belonging to different families were evaluated for antimicrobial activity against five Gram-positive bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus flavus; seven Gram-negative bacteria: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella typhimurium, Citrobacter freundii; and three fungi: Candida tropicalis, Cryptococcus luteolus and Candida albicans. The in vitro antimicrobial activity was performed by agar disc diffusion method. The extractive yield was more in methanol than in acetone. The methanol extracts showed more antibacterial activity than acetone extracts. The most susceptible bacterium was K. pneumoniae and the most resistant were P. vulgaris, S. typhimurium, P. aeruginosa and E. coli. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins, cardiac glycosides, steroids and saponins. Among the plant species screened, the best antimicrobial activity was shown by Aristolochia indica; hence, this plant can be further subjected to isolation of the therapeutic antimicrobials and to further pharmacological evaluation.

108 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: It was found that metal complexes are more antibacterial as compared to uncomplexed ligands in the search of a target antibiotic instead of a broad spectrum one.
Abstract: Some new transition metal complexes of ciprofloxacin-imines derived from ciprofloxacin and p-substituted anilines were synthesized and characterized on the basis of physical properties, conductance measurements, elemental analysis, UV/Vis., infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. These ligands as well as their metal complexes were also evaluated for their antibacterial activity against several bacterial strains, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilus, Salmonella typhae, and E. coli. It was found that metal complexes are more antibacterial as compared to uncomplexed ligands. The present study was carried out in search of a target antibiotic instead of a broad spectrum one.

104 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of cobalt (Co) stress on seedling vigor, photosynthetic pigment content, biochemical constituents, mineral status, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes in Raphanus sativus L. were studied.
Abstract: The effects of cobalt (Co) stress on seedling vigor, photosynthetic pigment content, biochemical constituents, mineral status, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes in Raphanus sativus L. were studied. The plants were raised in earthen pots containing soils amended with different concentrations of Co (50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mg kg -1 ). Growth parameters (root and shoot length, and total leaf area), photosynthetic pigments content (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll), biochemical constituents (total sugar, amino acid, and protein content), mineral content (macro- and micronutrients), and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO)) were analyzed 30 days after sowing (DAS). All measures increased at the 50 mg Co kg -1 soil level when compared to the control. Further increases in the Co level (100-250

76 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: In cytotoxicity determination, LC50 of the extract against brine shrimp nauplii was 7.66 µg/ml, and the antifungal activity was found weak against the tested fungi.
Abstract: Antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic activities of ethanol extract of tuberous roots of Amorphophallus campanulatus were studied. Disc diffusion technique was used to determine in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities. Cytotoxicity was determined against brine shrimp nauplii. In addition, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using serial dilution technique to determine antibacterial potency. The extract showed significant antibacterial activities against four gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus b-haemolyticus) and six gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexneri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi). The MIC values against these bacteria ranged from 16 to 128 µg/ml. The antifungal activity was found weak against the tested fungi. In cytotoxicity determination, LC50 of the extract against brine shrimp nauplii was 7.66 µg/ml.

67 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: The overall results indicate a strong anti-cancerous potential of this plant.
Abstract: According to traditional knowledge, Fagonia cretica has medicinal potential, especially against cancer and tumors. In the present study, this information was analyzed at laboratory level by performing cytotoxic, antitumor (potato disc) and DNA damage assay. Significant cytotoxic activity was found against brine shrimps at LD50 118.89 ppm, while antitumor assay showed that the extract inhibited tumor induction on potato discs. Significant antitumor activity was found against all the tumor-inducing Agrobacterium strains tested (At6, At10 and At77), with maximum tumor inhibition (77.04%) against At10. However, the extract did not show any lethal activity against Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains, and furthermore, no DNA damaging activity was observed. The overall results indicate a strong anti-cancerous potential of this plant.

64 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: The use of small volume cultures would increase the temperature faster, which is the main factor hindering growth especially in the winter period, and the use of short light-path lengths in addition to the smaller volumes in the cultures would support a higher productivity.
Abstract: We aimed in this experiment to compare the growth characteristics of Spirulina, which was cultivated in different culture vessels under greenhouse condition. Three types of culture vessels, i.e. transparent jars, polyethylene bags and raceway ponds, were used in the experiment. The jar cultures supported higher cell densities due to their higher culture temperature compared to the others. The dry weight amount in jar cultures was 0.99 g L -1 at the end of the experiment, while it was 0.5 g L -1 in the others. Specific growth rates were found to be 0.32, 0.21 and 0.20 day-1 in the jar, bag and pond cultures, respectively. The protein levels measured at the end of the experiment were 33.4, 54.5 and 58.3% for the jar, bag and pond cultures, respectively. The reason for the much lower protein amount in jar cultures was interpreted as the depletion of the nitrogen in the culture medium as a result of faster growth and the prolonged steady state. We concluded that the use of small volume cultures would increase the temperature faster, which is the main factor hindering growth especially in the winter period. Moreover, the use of short light-path lengths in addition to the smaller volumes in the cultures would support a higher productivity.

54 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: Garlic or olive oils alleviated the previous changes in blood, serum glucose and renal parameters, whereas DMSA, calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and CaNa2-EDTA reversed such changes to near the control levels.
Abstract: This study investigated lead impact on blood, serum glucose and kidney function and the efficacy of treatment with chelating agents meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (CaNa2-EDTA) and natural olive and garlic oils to reduce lead toxicity in albino rats. Oral administration of 1000 or 2000 ppm lead acetate significantly decreased red blood cell count, hemoglobin level and hematocrit value at 20, 40 and 60 days compared with control groups (rats administered deionized water and 1000 or 2000 ppm sodium acetate). Serum glucose was also decreased significantly with both doses of lead acetate administration. In contrast, serum urea, uric acid and creatinine were significantly increased. Garlic or olive oils (1 ml/kg body weight/day, each) alleviated the previous changes in blood, serum glucose and renal parameters, whereas DMSA (50 mg/kg body weight/day) or CaNa2-EDTA (100 mg/kg body weight/day) reversed such changes to near the control levels. Although chemical therapy is more efficient in reducing lead toxicity, natural products with their fewer side effects are still preferable.

52 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: Many chromosomal anomalies, namely precocious movements, stickiness, univalents, bridges, laggards, multivalents etc., were induced in all the inbred lines of maize, and CM-142 was found to be the most suitable inbred line for induced mutagenesis since it registered minimum chromosomal damage with maximum variability.
Abstract: Chemical mutagen induced chromosomal variations were broadly observed from the point of view of understanding the mechanics of EMS induced anomalies and biological dosimetry in Zea mays L. Seeds of 6 inbred lines of maize, i.e. CM-135, CM-136, CM-137, CM-138, CM-142, and CM-213 inbreds, were first presoaked in distilled water and then these seeds were treated with 0.5% solution of EMS for 3 durations, i.e. 3, 5, and 7 h, and genetic segregations were carefully observed. During the present investigation, through EMS treatment, many chromosomal anomalies, namely precocious movements, stickiness, univalents, bridges, laggards, multivalents etc., were induced in all the inbred lines of maize. Higher frequencies of chromosomal anomalies were displayed at the maximum dose (7 h) of treatment in all the inbred lines of maize. Maximum chromosomal anomalies were observed in CM-213 (i.e. 22.92%) but inbred CM-138 displayed better responses in all the morphological parameters at the maximum dose (7 h) of EMS treatment. However, CM-142 was found to be the most suitable inbred line for induced mutagenesis since it registered minimum chromosomal damage with maximum variability.

50 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: A strain of Pseudomonas sp.
Abstract: A strain of Pseudomonas sp. C-171 capable of tolerating hexavalent chromium (Cr +6 ) up to 2000 ppm as potassium dichromate was isolated from domestic sewage. The Cr +6 reduction was checked by growing the isolated strain in a medium containing potassium dichromate as Cr +6 source. The rate of growth of Pseudomonas sp. C-171 decreased with the increase in Cr +6 concentration of the medium. The maximum rate of chromium reduction was observed during the log phase of bacterium growth. The reduction of hexavalent chromium was inoculum concentration dependent. The accumulation of chromium hydroxide around the bacterial cells and slight elongation of cells were observed.

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, Czern et al. used 28-homobrassinolide (HBL) to protect Brassica juncea under NaCl stress conditions.
Abstract: Seedlings of Brassica juncea Czern & Coss cv. Varuna generated from seeds soaked in 0, 50, 100, or 150 mM NaCl for 6 h were treated with 0, 10 -10 , 10 -8 , or 10 -6 M 28-homobrassinolide (HBL) after 14 days of growth. Plants that received only NaCl treatment exhibited a decrease in nitrate reductase and carbonic anhydrase activity, chlorophyll content, and PN 60 days after sowing (DAS), and decreased seed yield at harvest (140 DAS). Subsequent treatment with HBL significantly increased all of the above parameters. The 10 -8 M concentration of HBL generated the best response and also overcame the detrimental effects of NaCl more effectively when NaCl treatment was at the 50 mM level. Tissue proline concentration exhibited a different pattern, increasing in response to both NaCl and HBL treatment; 10 -8 M of HBL interacted with 150 mM NaCl most significantly and increased the concentration of proline more than all other treatments. The study results suggest that HBL can be considered an important plant protector under NaCl stress conditions.

Journal Article
TL;DR: The genetic diversity of 10 diploid and tetraploid wheat species was estimated using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers and results indicated that some of genetically similar genotypes were different phenotypically.
Abstract: The genetic diversity of 10 diploid and tetraploid wheat species was estimated using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Two species from diploid (Triticum boeticum (wild), Triticum monococcum) and five from tetraploid wheats (Triticum dicoccoides var. arabicum (wild), Triticum dicoccum var. farrum, Triticum dicoccum var. atratum, Triticum durum var. hordeiforme (Bereketli 95), Triticum durum var. leucurum (Sharq), Triticum turgidum var. alboyadurum, Triticum turgidum var. salomonis and Triticum persicum) were included for the analyses. Jacard's cluster analysis algorithm was used to determine genetic similarities. There were two main classes in dendrogram: the varieties (T. boeticum, T. dicoccoides var. arabicum, T. dicoccum var. farrum, T. dicoccum var. atratum, T.durum var. hordeiforme (Bereketli 95), T. durum var. leucurum (Sharq)) assembled in one group and the species (T. monococcum, T. turgidum var. alboyadurum, T. turgidum var. salomonis and T. persicum) in another. The same genotypes were also assessed in field conditions for structural analyses, which were carried out based on eight yield components. The dendrogram created was comparatively analyzed with the RAPD dendrogram. There were differences between genetic and phenotypic similarity of the studied accessions. Results indicated that some of genetically similar genotypes were different phenotypically.

Journal Article
TL;DR: Pollen fertility was found to be significantly correlated with meiotic irregularities found in the metal treatment sets, and it was found that Hg is much more genotoxic than Cd, since it induces greater abnormalities.
Abstract: Genotoxic effects of two heavy metals viz. mercury (Hg) and cadmium (Cd) on somatic and gametic cells of soybean were investigated. Seeds were treated with different doses of these heavy metals. Treatments with Hg and Cd not only reduced the frequency of dividing cells but a wide spectrum of chromosomal abnormalities were also recorded. Pollen fertility was found to be significantly correlated with meiotic irregularities found in the metal treatment sets. It was found that both of these heavy metals are capable of inducing chromosomal aberrations, but Hg is much more genotoxic than Cd, since it induces greater abnormalities.

Journal Article
TL;DR: In the streptozotocin- induced diabetic rats, serum triglycerides and cholesterol were significantly increased whereas body growth rate was markedly decreased compared to the controls, indicating their antidiabetic efficacy.
Abstract: This study aimed to assess the protective potential of glimepiride and Nerium oleander extract on lipid profile, body growth rate, and renal function in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The animals were divided into control and experimental groups. The experimental group was rendered diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of a single dose of 50 mg/kg body weight streptozotocin. Rats with glucose levels >200 mg/dl were subdivided into 3 sub-groups. Rats in the first sub-group remained without treatment and were considered diabetic. Those in the second and third subgroups were orally administered 0.1 mg/kg body weight daily glimepiride and 250 mg/kg body weight daily Nerium oleander extract, respectively, for 4 weeks. In the streptozotocin- induced diabetic rats, serum triglycerides and cholesterol were significantly increased whereas body growth rate was markedly decreased compared to the controls. In contrast to uric acid and creatinine, urea concentrations were markedly elevated. Treatment of diabetic rats with glimepiride or plant extract improved all of these parameters, indicating their antidiabetic efficacy.

Journal Article
TL;DR: The antibacterial activity of an ethanolic extract of Hypericum perforatum L. was investigated against 8 Gram-negative bacteria and no effect was observed on bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae, while the species Pseudomonas glycinea and Azotobacter chrococcum showed extreme sensitivity to the extract.
Abstract: The antibacterial activity of an ethanolic extract of Hypericum perforatum L. was investigated against 8 Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas phaseolicola, Pseudomonas glycinea, Erwinia carotovora, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Azotobacter chrococcum) and 2 Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus mycoides, Bacillus subtilis) by the disc-diffusion and broth tube dilution methods. Ethanol was used for extraction of the plant. The species Pseudomonas glycinea and Azotobacter chrococcum showed extreme sensitivity to the extract of H. perforatum, while no effect was observed on bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the ethanolic extract varied between 1.25 and 3.5 mg/ml. The antifungal activity of the H. perforatum extract at concentrations of 5-45 mg/ml was determined by the method of spore counting; a concentration of 45 mg/ml showed the greatest fungistatic activity. In the case of inoculation of 1 x 102 spores of fungi, the number of spores was decreased: with Fusarium oxysporum, only 5 spores were identified, and with Penicillium canescens, 15 spores.

Journal Article
TL;DR: The results suggest the investigated ingredients may have a significant fungal antitoxic activity which can be exploited as food preservative to minimize mycotoxin effects.
Abstract: Crude extract of Nigella sativa, N. sativa oil, ground coffee beans and caffeine were tested for their effects on aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus. Crude extract of N. sativa inhibited the production of three types of aflatoxins (B1, B2 and G1) at 5% (w/v) concentration, while N. sativa oil inhibited all four types of aflatoxins using 3% (v/v) concentration. However, coffee inhibited the production of B1, G1 and G2 aflatoxins at 6% (w/v), while caffeine inhibited only G1 and G2 aflatoxin. Our results suggest the investigated ingredients may have a significant fungal antitoxic activity which can be exploited as food preservative to minimize mycotoxin effects.

Journal Article
TL;DR: It was a general observation in all the samplings that length, fresh and dry mass of both root and shoot and activity of carbonic anhydrase in leaf decreased, whereas proline content both in leaf and root increased.
Abstract: The seedlings of Cicer arietinum, grown in sand culture, were supplied with 0, 50, 100 or 150 µM of cadmium in the form of cadmium chloride at 5, 15 or 25 day stage and assessed for specific characteristics, 10 days after each treatment. It was a general observation in all the samplings that length, fresh and dry mass of both root and shoot and activity of carbonic anhydrase in leaf decreased, whereas proline content both in leaf and root increased. The intensity of the damage was proportionate with the concentration of the metal but was prominent at the earliest stage of growth (i.e. 5 days). Values for all the observed parameters increased as the growth of the seedling progressed.

Journal Article
TL;DR: The intracellular fructosyltransferase of a novel strain of Aureobasidium pullulans capable of producing 59% of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) within 9 h of reaction time was obtained by wet-milling, and then purified and characterized.
Abstract: The intracellular fructosyltransferase (FTase) of a novel strain of Aureobasidium pullulans (CFR 77) capable of producing 59% of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) within 9 h of reaction time was obtained by wet-milling, and then purified and characterized. The purified FTase revealed 2 bands of 147 and 170 KD; its activity was optimum at an approximate pH of 5.0 and temperature of 55 °C. The specific activity of the final purified material was 42, representing a purification factor of 79.44 and yield of 43%. The enzyme is very stable, retaining more than 80% of its original activity at the optimum reaction conditions after 12 h. Using the crude intracellular FTase, 59% of FOS was produced within 9 h of reaction time, which is a considerable reduction in the reaction time of 12-25 h that has been reported in the literature. The purified FTase yielded 59% of FOS within 3 h of reaction time.

Journal Article
TL;DR: Both path analysis and multiple regressions revealed that fibers per seed had the greatest direct effect on the lint yield under both regimes.
Abstract: In this study 23 genotypes, including 8 cultivars and 15 advanced lines were consecutively grown under 2 temperature regimes in 2004 and 2005 at the Post Graduate Agriculture Research Station, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Lint yield and its component traits, i.e. lint weight per boll, lint weight per seed, fiber length, fibers per seed, fibers per unit surface area, lint weight per unit surface area, and fiber weight per unit surface area, were measured and analyzed for heritability, genetic advance, and correlations. Phenotypic correlations were also partitioned into path coefficients, keeping lint yield as the resultant variable and other components as causals. The heat-stress regime showed higher estimates of broad sense heritability, genetic variability, and genetic advance for all basic lint yield traits, except for fiber weight per unit length. Similarly, response to the selection was high under the heat-stress regime. The basic lint yield component showed a stronger relationship to lint yield (R2 = 0.77) under the heat-stress regime, indicating some value of these traits under heat stress. Both path analysis and multiple regressions revealed that fibers per seed had the greatest direct effect on the lint yield under both regimes.

Journal Article
TL;DR: It was found that in the 4 h and 5 h exposed groups, it was found a statistically significant decrease in mean fecundity as compared to the control (P 0.05).
Abstract: In this study, the effects of microwave frequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) on the fecundity of Drosophila melanogaster were investigated. The Oregon strain females of Drosophila melanogaster were exposed to 10 GHz EMF continuously (3 h, 4 h and 5 h) and discontinuously (3 h exposure + 30 min interval + 3 h exposure). The fecundity of females were determined. In the 4 h and 5 h exposed groups, it was found a statistically significant decrease in mean fecundity as compared to the control (P 0.05).

Journal Article
TL;DR: The seed yield was enhanced by 32% and the mentioned parameters were elevated by 70%, 68, 65, 39, 44, 37%, and 44% over the control at the 70 DAS stage.
Abstract: -5 M GA3. Moreover, the mentioned parameters were elevated by 70%, 68%, 65%, 39%, 44%, 37%, and 44% over the control at the 70 DAS stage. The seed yield was enhanced by 32%.

Journal Article
TL;DR: Results showed that A. marina exerted more lethal effect in mortality of juveniles compared to hatching of juveniles and powder of leaves, stem and pneumatophore were effective in the control of root knot nematodes.
Abstract: Aqueous and ethanol extracts of Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. plant parts, namely leaves, stem and pneumatophore, were tested for their nematicidal activity against root knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood. Results showed that A. marina exerted more lethal effect in mortality of juveniles compared to hatching of juveniles. Stem showed more nematicidal effect compared to leaves and pneumatophore in aqueous extract, whereas pneumatophore showed more nematicidal activity in ethanol extract. Soil amendment at the rates of 0.1, 1 and 5% w/w was carried out with dried powder of leaves, stem and pneumatophore of A. marina for the control of root knot nematode on mash bean and okra plants. The results pertaining to seed germination percentage, shoot length, root length, shoot weight and root weight showed improvement with maximum inhibition in root knot indices in both mash bean and okra when A. marina plant parts, namely leaves, stem and pneumatophore powder, were used at 5% w/w. Maximum root and shoot weight were observed in mash bean when A. marina plant parts powder was used at 5% w/w. All plant parts of A. marina powder were effective in the control of root knot nematodes. Ozet: Avicennia marina (Forsk.)'n›n yaprak, govde ve hava kok k›s›mlar›n›n su ve etanol ozutleri, kok uru nematodu Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood uzerine nematisid etkisi bak›m›ndan incelenmifltir. Sonuclar A. marina' n›n, genc bireylerin olumu uzerine, kuluckadan c›kan genc bireylerle karfl›laflt›r›ld›¤›nda, daha olumcul bir etkisinin olduunu gostermifltir. Govdenin suda ozutu, yapraklar ve hava koku ile karfl›laflt›r›ld›¤›nda daha fazla nematisidal etki gosterirken hava kokunun etanol ozutu daha fazla nematisidal etki gostermifltir. 0,1, 1 ve %5 w/w oranlar›nda toprak ›slah›, kok uru nematodu uzerine etkisini belirlemek icin A. marina' n›n yaprak, govde ve hava koku kuru tozlar› ile salanm›flt›r. Tohum cimlenme yuzdesi, govde uzunluu, kok uzunluu, govde a¤›rl›¤› ve kok a¤›rl›¤› ile ilgili sonuclar A. marina'n›n yaprak, govde ve hava koku bitki k›s›mlar›n›n kuru tozlar›n›n %5 w/w uyguland›¤› bamya ve "mash bean" kok uru indislerinin maksimum inhibisyonu ile geliflme gostermifltir. En fazla kok ve govde a¤›rl›¤› A. marina bitki k›s›mlar›n›n kuru tozlar›n›n %5 w/w uyguland›¤›nda "mash bean" de gozlenmifltir. A. marina'n› tum bitki k›s›mlar› kok uru nematodlar›n›n kontrolunde etkilidir.

Journal Article
TL;DR: The number of spores increased only in the rhizosphere of Triticum aestium, Zea mays, Trifolium repens, Solanum tuberosum, Satureja hortensis, and Allium cepa, and this increase was significant.
Abstract: The number of spores of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi occurring in the rhizospheric soil of 14 crops was investigated using traditional wet-sieving/decanting methods. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of some agronomy species (Gramineae, Leguminosae, Solanaceae, Labiatae, Cruciferae, Umbellifera, and Alliaceae) on VAM spores numbers in the rhizosphere. The agronomy species were planted under greenhouse conditions in pots containing semiarid soil. The number of spores in the rhizosphere of each species was studied at the middle and end of vegetative plant growth. In the middle of vegetative growth the number of spores increased significantly in the rhizosphere of some species compared to the control (152 spores 10 g-1 dry soil). The number of spores was lower in Raphanus sativa rhizospheric soil (115 spores 10 g-1 dry soil) and higher in Zea mays rhizospheric soil (255 spores 10 g-1 dry soil). At the end of vegetative growth the number of spores increased only in the rhizosphere of Triticum aestium, Zea mays, Trifolium repens, Solanum tuberosum, Satureja hortensis, and Allium cepa, and this increase was significant. In this stage of plant growth the number of spores was lowest in Raphanus sativa rhizospheric soil (126 spores 10 g-1 dry soil) and highest in A. cepa rhizospheric soil (453 spores 10 g-1 dry soil).

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, volatile compounds of a potentially beneficial culture, Leuconostoc paramesenteroides, isolated from cheddar cheese were studied for 21 days and the results showed the presence of a large number of short chain fatty acids, namely pentadecanoic acid (12.21 mg %), known to have anti- arthritic property; nonadecanalic acid(13.99 mg%) which has anti-inflammatory action; benzoic acid, used as antiseptic (1.26 mg%) and nonacosane, having antib
Abstract: Probiotics are a community of nutraceuticals. Their potential in functional foods serves to promote health or to prevent diseases. Ramping up of flavor profile is an ongoing trend in modern dairy, so designer products are at the forefront towards desired health, wellness and sensorial enjoyment of everyday life. In the present work, volatile compounds of a potentially beneficial culture, Leuconostoc paramesenteroides, isolated from cheddar cheese were studied for 21 days. Culture grown in MRS broth was taken out periodically and was extracted in dichloromethane in order to study the formation of volatile compounds over time. The results showed the presence of a large number of short chain fatty acids, namely pentadecanoic acid (12.21 mg %), known to have anti- arthritic property; nonadecanoic acid (13.99 mg %), which has anti-inflammatory action; benzoic acid, used as antiseptic (1.26 mg %), which showed a maximum yield after 16 h of incubation at 37 …C in MRS broth; nonacosane, having antibacterial activity (50.62 mg %); hexacosane, known for hair pigmentation (34.4 mg %); and nonacosanol, known to reduce cholesterol (8.62 mg %), which was found to be maximum after 7 days of incubation. All these compounds are known to be therapeutically important.

Journal Article
TL;DR: The results demonstrate a close relationship between yield reduction and the defoliation levels, and the higher thedefoliation level, the lower the yield reduction.
Abstract: The objective of the present study was to determine the influence of artificial defoliation on sunflower seed yield, oil content, and fatty acid composition. The research was carried out at Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, during 2002 and 2003. Six defoliation levels [0 (control), 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 leaves per plant] were applied at the preflowering stage from bottom to top leaves. The results demonstrate a close relationship between yield reduction and the defoliation levels. The higher the defoliation level, the higher the yield reduction. Complete and partial leaf removal treatments reduced oil percentage of seed when compared with the undefoliated check. However, oleic acid and linoleic acid levels in seed were not significantly affected by defoliation treatments.

Journal Article
TL;DR: According to the chemical and physical analyses performed, the lake has low alkali soft water, and if precautions are not taken the lake will become polluted, and, as a result, it will turn into a swamp.
Abstract: The composition, density, and seasonal variations of the planktonic diatoms of Lake Kaz were studied using samples taken from the surface and 1.0 m depths between May 2005 and April 2006. Some physical and chemical properties of the lake water were also determined. Planktonic algae communities were identified, with 143 belonging to Bacillariophyta. Aulocoseira granulata, Aulocoseira italica, Cocconeis placentula, Cocconeis placentula var. euglypta, Cyclotella meneghiniana, Navicula radiosa, and Synedra ulna from the Bacillariophtya were dominant. Seasonal variations in the planktonic flora were observed during that period. According to the chemical and physical analyses performed, the lake has low alkali soft water. The level of pollution is not very important, but if precautions are not taken the lake will become polluted, and, as a result, it will turn into a swamp.

Journal Article
TL;DR: Even though no high levels of Hg were determined in the fish, a possible hazard may occur in the future depending on the agricultural and industrial development in this area.
Abstract: Mercury (Hg) levels in Cyprinus carpio (carp) (n: 20) and Siluris glanis (wels) (n: 13) from Sir Dam Lake, Kahramanmaras, were measured during 2002 and 2003. The fish samples were obtained from fishermen. Hg levels ranged from 0.03 to 0.18 µg/g dry weight in carp samples and from 0.16 to 0.38 µg/g dry weight in wels samples. Even though no high levels of Hg were determined in the fish, a possible hazard may occur in the future depending on the agricultural and industrial development in this area.

Journal Article
TL;DR: Effects of culture media and genotypes of water chestnut (Trapa sp.) on the frequency of callus induction from anther culture were investigated and it was revealed that the N6 media supplemented with 0.5 mg/l BA,0.5mg/l NAA and 0.1 mg/L GA3 were suitable for callu induction.
Abstract: Effects of culture media and genotypes of water chestnut (Trapa sp.) on the frequency of callus induction from anther culture were investigated. Results revealed that the N6 media supplemented with 0.5 mg/l BA, 0.5 mg/l NAA and 0.1 mg/l GA3 were suitable for callus induction. Callus yielded poorly in MS-containing media compared to that of N6 media. No callus was induced on 2, 4-D containing media. Among the tested 18 genotypes, only 15 genotypes produced calli.

Journal Article
TL;DR: First the white shark joins this group, which is a sister taxon to the genus Isurus (makos), as reported by Naylor, and the 2 makos and porbeagle-white shark branches come together as the monophyletic family Isurus, but not Lamna.
Abstract: Uncertainties remain about the relationship within the family Lamnidae, which includes the white shark, 2 makos, the porbeagle, and salmon shark. Several alternative hypotheses have been suggested related to the Lamnidae phylogeny. The aim of this study was to find an accurate answer to the family Lamnidae interrelationship. To that extend, the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene was studied in all the Lamnidae species and 2 outgroups from the families Alopiidae and Odontaspididae. The monophyly of 2 makos were obtained from both DNA and amino acid (AA) parsimony analysis. Based on our analysis, first the white shark joins this group, which is a sister taxon to the genus Isurus (makos), as reported by Naylor. In the AA parsimony analysis, the 2 makos and porbeagle-white shark branches come together as the monophyletic family Isurus, but not Lamna. These results agree with Compagno's suggestion and Martin's findings. Ozet: Beyaz kopek bal›¤›, 2 mako, porbeagle ve Salmon turu kopek bal›klar›n› kapsayan Lamnidae familyas› icerisindeki iliflki cok net deildir. Bu familyan›n kendi icerisindeki s›n›fland›rmas›na yonelik pekcok farkl› hipotezler uretilmifltir. Bu cal›flma, Lamnidae familyas› icindeki iliflkilere yonelik yeterli bir cevap bulabilmek amac› ile tum Lamnidae turlerini ve Alopidae ve Odontaspididae ailesinden 2 harici ornek kullan›larak mitokondrial cyt b geni ile yap›lm›flt›r. Hem DNA hemde AA prsimony analizlerinde 2 mako turu monofiletik grub olarak elde edilmifltir. Bu gruba Naylor'›n sonucuna uygun olarak, 1analizde makolar›n bal› olduu Isurus cinsinin kardefl cinsi olan beyaz kopek bal›¤› kat›l›rken, AA analizi sonucunda porbeagle-beyaz kopek bal›¤› ile 2 mako cinsi bir arada grub oluflturmakta. Isuruslar bu analizde monofiltretik grub halinde iken Lamna cinsi monofiltretik deildir. Bu sonuc Compagno'nun onerisi ve Martin'in buluflu ile ayn›d›r.