Showing papers in "Vacuum in 1969"

TL;DR: A review of thermionic cathodes, their operation and applications can be found in this paper, including the activation of clean metals, emission from semiconductors, and poisoning of emitters by electronegative contamination.

TL;DR: In this paper, the gas-metal reactions of niobium and tantalum solid solutions with such gases as hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, water vapour, carbon monoxide, and methane at high temperatures and low pressures are briefly discussed.

TL;DR: A flexible cantilever method has been used to measure stress in films of tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum, chromium, nickel, copper and gold deposited by low pressure sputtering in argon as discussed by the authors.

TL;DR: In this paper, a study was made of the practical aspects of using an electron multiplier with a fast scanning 60° mass spectrometer, and two types of multiplier construction, the Venetian Blind and the Box-and-grid, were used, and the performance of the multipliers was observed under various conditions, including baking and hydrocarbon contamination, and their subsequent effects on multiplier gain and noise.

TL;DR: Experimental problems in the near vacuum ultraviolet (1900-1100 ) spectral region are reviewed in this article. But the authors focus on low temperature spectroscopic measurements and do not consider the applications of the low temperature measurements in dense, disordered systems.

TL;DR: In this article, the degradation of polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) was investigated by pyrolysing PTFE in helium in a Curie point Pyrolyser coupled either to a gas/liquid chromatograph or directly to the ion source of a mass spectrometer.

TL;DR: A comparison of the structural and electrical properties of thin evaporated and sputtered gold films on glass substrates has been made in this article, with particular attention paid to the effect of the difference in mean energy of the condensing atoms associated with each method of deposition.

TL;DR: In this paper, a simple electron beam evaporation arrangement is described and techniques employed in the Evaporation of twenty-two elements commonly required in thin film form are discussed in some detail.

TL;DR: In this article, radio frequency sputtering has been used to ion etch samples of soft biological material prior to observation in the scanning electron microscope and the technique is being extended to the study of a wider range of cytological material.

TL;DR: In this article, the effect of steelmaking, vacuum melting and casting techniques on the life of rolling bearings have been assessed using a simple, accelerated, service simulation test, and the results showed that acid and neutral open hearth material appears generally to be superior to basic electric arc material.

TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that if a temperature gradient exists across a block of ice then there is a greater concentration of H + and O H at the warmer rather than the cooler end due to thermodynamic dissociation.

TL;DR: In this article, a linear relationship between surface carbon contamination and decreasing photo yield was found in GaAs-O-C photocathodes, which showed that the presence of carbon contamination is correlated with a decrease in photo yield.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the influence of the circulation rate on process variation, residence time and mixing in the ladle and concluded that suction velocities of 125 cm/sec are attained by lift-gas injection.

TL;DR: In this article, the bombardment of substrates in rf sputtering systems by energetic particles is considered and experimental results obtained with grounded and non-grounded systems are interpreted in terms of electron, ion and neutral particle bombardment.

TL;DR: In this paper, a model of the Penning discharge is described in which a circulating current of electrons and ions is maintained throughout the discharge and it is assumed that, at pressures below 10 −4 torr, the electrons in the circulating flow are principally generated in the discharge.

TL;DR: In this article, the amplitude of vibration is observed electrically and is kept constant by continuously feeding electrical power into the system at a controlled rate, which is used as a measure of pressure.

TL;DR: In this paper, it is shown that if the mean velocity of molecules in the beam is employed, the expression for the impingement rate either becomes erroneous or yields a molecular beam density which is devoid of any real physical significance.

TL;DR: The oscillating quartz crystal microbalance is well established as a film thickness monitoring instrument as discussed by the authors, and there are a number of other interesting vacuum applications of the quartz crystal macrobalance.

TL;DR: In this article, a number of commercially available gauges were tested for operation in hydrogen, using a conventional dynamic flow calibration system in a manifold where the test gas pressure could be controlled over the range 10−9 to 10−5torr.

TL;DR: In this article, an ionization gauge with a sensitivity of up to 20,000 torr −1 was described, which does not exhibit the troublesome ion current instabilities frequently observed with the orbitron.

TL;DR: The requirements for epitaxial growth of nickel films on a rocksalt substrate are discussed in this article, where electron microscope diffraction patterns are shown and a vacuum of 10 −4 torr is sufficient to obtain satisfactory epitaxials.

TL;DR: In this article, the requirements of a continuous evaporator for silica deposition are considered and an electron beam system is presented which maintained constant evaporation rates for periods as long as 1 hour at slow deposition rates (1 /s at 10 cm distance).

TL;DR: In this paper, it is suggested that the currents originate from projections on the cathode surface in accordance with the Fowler-Nordheim equation and release adsorbed gases and positive ions from the anode as the voltage is increased.

TL;DR: In this paper, measurements are described on a substrate heater, which allows easy setting of the lower substrate temperature, and large temperature differences across the substrate are noted, as well as the effect of substrate temperature variations across different substrate types.

TL;DR: In this paper, a sensitive Pirani-type gauge with good zero stability and a fast response time is described, where a 10 micron diameter tungsten wire is maintained at a constant resistance by a feed-back circuit.

TL;DR: In this paper, a performance and functional comparison between the Vane-type Mechanical Vacuum Pump and the Rotary Piston-type pump is made and relative differences are demonstrated in a series of practical tests.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the main cryostat as "the one designed by Klipping et al. which can be kept at any desired temperature above that of liquid helium for long periods, consuming only small amounts of coolant".