Showing papers in "Vingtieme Siecle-revue D Histoire in 1990"
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TL;DR: The history of the CIA has been examined in this article, where the authors examine the agency as an institution operating within a political context and look at its shifting relationship with the American public, Congress and presidents.
Abstract: This history of the CIA examines the agency as an institution operating within a political context and looks at its shifting relationship with the American public, Congress and presidents. This edition contains a preface that discusses the agency's fortunes since the end of the Cold War.
48 citations
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TL;DR: Beaud and Noiriel as discussed by the authors show how national and patriotic reflexes corne together and fade away, and how the question of "social habitus" is easier to circumscribe in social groups and individuals who are seeking to get even with the society that takes them in.
Abstract: Immigration in soccer, Stephane Beaud, Gerard Noiriel. ; Why has immigration always played an important role in the French soccer job market ? The round bail has always been an extremely important integration factor for young immigrants, though in highly diverse forms. Thinking about " national style " shows how national and patriotic reflexes corne together and fade away, and how the question of " social habitus " is easier to circumscribe in social groups and individuals who are seeking to get even with the society that takes them in.
24 citations
TL;DR: The French soccer players' May'68 protest movement as mentioned in this paper demonstrated that soccer is not a closed world, as shown by the May 1968 protest movement, where a handful of players occupied the premises of the all-powerful French Football Federation, with demands concerning the status of soccer players, the organizational structures and the very concept of the game.
Abstract: The French soccer players' May'68, Alfred Wahl. ; Is soccer a closed world ? Far from it, as shown by the May 1968 protest movement. Under the auspices of a group of protesting journalists belonging to Miroir du Football, a handful of players occupied the premises of the all-powerful French Football Federation, with demands concerning the status of soccer players, the organizational structures and the very concept of the game. By thus shaking a rigid edifice, the " May of soccer players " had a non-negligible impact.
TL;DR: Soccer : a new territory for the historian, Alfred Wahl as mentioned in this paper, showed the emergence of soccer as a historical object and emphasized the many facets of that history, he pleads for its growth and autonomy.
Abstract: Soccer : a new territory for the historian, Alfred Wahl. ; Although soccer represents a social and cultural fact of substantial importance, French historic research has long neglected it. French historians lag far behind foreign, particularly British historians, as well as sociologists and anthropologists. While taking stock of the present situation, the author shows the emergence of soccer as a historical object. Emphasizing the many facets of that history, he pleads for its growth and autonomy.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The breakthrough of soccer in the land of rugby is described in this article, where soccer, until the spectacular successes of the Bordeaux Girondins Club in the last few years, was able to make its way by imposing the image of a major national sport in the context of a local particularity.
Abstract: The breakthrough of soccer in the land of rugby. The example of the French South-West and the Bordeaux area, Jean-Pierre Augustin. ; Rugby, which came from England, imposed itself in the Bordeaux metropolitan area and the whole South-West at the beginning of this century as a factor of regional identity. But soccer, until the spectacular successes of the Bordeaux Girondins Club in the last few years, was able to make its way by imposing the image of a major national sport in the context of a local particularity.
TL;DR: The Saar soccer from 1947 to 1952, Pierre Lanfranchi as discussed by the authors, was able to show in practice that independence could exist in the stadium and to assert the primacy of the sports ethics over the reason of State.
Abstract: Saar soccer from 1947 to 1952, Pierre Lanfranchi. ; After the Second World War, while integration of Saar soccer to France was part of governmental objectives to win pacification through denazification and de-Germanization, it demonstrated mostly a new interference of international political issues in sport. But neither pressure nor manoeuvres were effective in winning the teams away from Germany. The Saar, without really trying to understand its deep reasons, was able to show in practice that independence could exist in the stadium and to assert the primacy of the sports ethics over the reason of State.
TL;DR: In this paper, Pastoureau analyzes the dominant colors of the stadium: the green of the grass, which is also that of the gambling table, the players' contrasting jerseys, the black of the umpire with his red or yellow sign of authority, the greyness of amateurs' meets and the colorful exuberance of the advertising for big games.
Abstract: The colors of the stadium, Michel Pastoureau. A historian of the Middle Ages analyzes the dominant colors of the stadium : the green of the grass, which is also that of the gambling table, the players' contrasting jerseys, the black of the umpire with his red or yellow sign of authority, the greyness of amateurs' meets and the colorful exuberance of the advertising for big games : these are the colors of the ritual.
TL;DR: A century-long history of soccer in Italy can be found in this paper, where soccer became a mass sport practiced throughout Italy between the wars, which made it a spectator sport, a factor of " consensus".
Abstract: Italian soccer : a century-long history, Pierre Milza. ; As an urban phenomenon characteristic of the big industrial cities of the North (Torino, Genoa, Milan), calcio remained until 1914 the prerogative of the bourgeoisie and liberal aristocracy. Between the wars, soccer became a mass sport practiced throughout Italy. It was taken over by fascism, which made it a spectator sport, a factor of " consensus ". That was the period of great international successes, but also of a growing dependence on money. After 1945, calcio became a factor of national solidarity in the framework of the city and region, slowly integrating the clubs of the South.