Showing papers in "Virology in 2015"

TL;DR: Structures for both pre- and postfusion conformations of viral fusion proteins illustrate the beginning and end points of a process that can be probed by single-virion measurements of fusion kinetics.

TL;DR: Antiviral therapies with nucleoside analog inhibitors of viral DNA synthesis delay sequelae, but cannot cure HBV infections due to the persistence of cccDNA in hepatocytes.

TL;DR: Although many mycoviruses do not have marked effects on their hosts, those that reduce the virulence of their phytopathogenic fungal hosts are of considerable interest for development of novel biocontrol strategies.

TL;DR: The sensitivity of viruses that lack counterdefense measures highlights the need to develop APOBEC-enabling small molecules as a new class of anti-viral drugs.

TL;DR: This work will present host factors implicated in antiviral pathways and summarize the current status of knowledge about the diverse viral suppressors' strategies acting at various steps of antiviral silencing in plants, and consider the multi-functionality of these versatile proteins and related biochemical processes in which they may be involved in fine-tuning the plant-virus interaction.

TL;DR: Strikingly, evolution of all classes of eukaryotic viruses appears to have involved fusion between structural and replicative gene modules derived from different sources along with additional acquisitions of diverse genes.

TL;DR: A better understanding of the metabolic alterations required for the replication of each virus may lead to novel therapeutic approaches through targeted inhibition of specific cellular metabolic pathways.

TL;DR: This review focuses on well-characterized insect vector-transmitted viruses in the following genera: Caulimovirus, Crinivirus, Luteovirus, Geminiviridae, Reov virus, Tospov Virus, and Tenuivirus.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that SARS-CoV E protein forms protein–lipid channels in ERGIC/Golgi membranes that are permeable to calcium ions, a highly relevant feature never reported before.

TL;DR: The current knowledge regarding the role of RIG-I in recognition of a variety of virus families and its role in programming the adaptive immune response through cross-talk with parallel arms of the innate immune system is discussed, including how Rig-I can be leveraged for antiviral therapy.

TL;DR: The derivation of the vaccines used has in general not been purely rational except in the sense that it has involved careful clinical trials of candidates and subsequent careful follow up in clinical use.

TL;DR: The properties of exhausted T cells; the virological and immunological conditions that favor their development; the cellular and molecular signals that sustain the exhausted state; and strategies for preventing and reversing exhaustion to favor viral control are discussed.

TL;DR: Regular issuing of proficiency panels based on HPV reference clones has resulted in global improvement of HPV genotyping services and is ensuring international standardization in classification and quality standards for HPV type designation and detection.

TL;DR: This review gives some relevant early history of phage lambda, describes recent developments in understanding the molecular biology of lambda's life cycle and describes the molecular nature of lysogeny.

TL;DR: The purpose of this review is to summarize the research on the virion structure, replication and recombination properties of PRRSV that have led to the extraordinary phenotype and genotype diversity that exists worldwide.

TL;DR: Together, these data provide proof of principle for the hypothesis that CRISPR/Cas systems have the potential to serve as effective tools for the depletion of the cccDNA pool in chronically HBV infected individuals.

TL;DR: The discoveries that led to an appreciation of the existence of cytosolic DNA sensor proteins are reviewed, and two key such sensors, cGAS and IFI16, are discussed in detail.

TL;DR: The results provide strong support that E proteins carry out their function(s) at the site of budding/assembly in CoV A59 and confirm the presence of E in Golgi cisternae.

TL;DR: The goal of this review is to summarize, in brief, what the authors know so far about the relationship between autophagy and viruses, particularly for those who are not familiar with the field.

TL;DR: The formation and trafficking of replication complexes and also the development and anchorage of replication factories involves important roles of the cortical cytoskeleton and associated motor proteins.

TL;DR: The potential role of the beta HPVs in cancer revealed by the epidemiology associating these viruses with KC and supported by oncogenic properties of thebeta HPV proteins is examined.

TL;DR: Current knowledge of the contributions of HA, PB2, and other viral components to virus transmission and the formation of new virus lineages is summarized.

TL;DR: The knowledge of viral evolutionary timescales and rate dynamics has been greatly improved by the discovery of endogenous viral elements, thereby bridging the gap between recent and ancient viral evolution.

TL;DR: PDCoV pathogenicity and pathogenesis in neonatal piglets is characterized and PDCoV peptide-specific rabbit antisera were developed and used in immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry assays to assist PD coV diagnostics.

TL;DR: Virulence is probable not beneficial for most host-virus interactions, hence commensal and mutualistic relationships are almost certainly common, in spite of the paucity of literature on beneficial viruses.

TL;DR: Recent advances in understanding the functional roles of degradative and atypical types of ubiquitination in innate immunity to viral infections are discussed, with a specific focus on the signaling pathways triggered by RIG-I-like receptors, Toll- like receptors, and the intracellular viral DNA sensor cGAS.

TL;DR: New insights are discussed as to how specific modifications at the 5′-end of viral RNA modulate host pathogen recognition responses to promote infection and disease.

TL;DR: The anatomic and physiologic characteristics that contribute to the natural susceptibility of ferrets to these viruses are described, and an overview of the approaches available to analyze their immune responses are provided.

TL;DR: Co-immunoprecipitation of sfRNA with RNAi mediators Dicer and Ago2 suggest a model for RNAi suppression and adds to the emerging impact of viral long non-coding RNAs in modulating aspects of anti-viral immune processes.

TL;DR: How a delicate equilibrium between RNA silencing and virus counter-defense responses in recovered leaves may help maintain virus titers at levels below the threshold required for symptom induction is discussed.