Showing papers in "Vision Research in 2009"

TL;DR: A formal Bayesian definition of surprise is proposed to capture subjective aspects of sensory information and it is shown that Bayesian surprise is a strong attractor of human attention, with 72% of all gaze shifts directed towards locations more surprising than the average.

TL;DR: A comprehensive and critical review of the phenomenological, empirical, neuroscientific and theoretical literature pertaining to visual processing in ASD is presented, along with a brief justification of a new theory which may help to explain some of the data and link it with other current hypotheses about the genetic and neural aetiologies of this enigmatic condition.

TL;DR: The accumulated evidence demonstrates that microsaccades serve both perceptual and oculomotor goals and although in some cases their contribution is neither necessary nor unique, micros Accades are a malleable tool conveniently employed by the visual system.

TL;DR: There is now neural evidence in favor of all three of its most basic principles: that representation in the visual system is competitive; that both top-down and bottom-up biasing mechanisms influence the ongoing competition; and that competition is integrated across brain systems.

TL;DR: A critical review and "meta-analysis" of perceptual learning in adults and children with amblyopia is provided, with a view to extracting principles that might make PL more effective and efficient.

TL;DR: In intact eyes, lens-induced relative peripheral hyperopia produced central axial myopia and eliminating the fovea by laser photoablation did not prevent compensating myopic changes in response to optically imposed hyperopia.

TL;DR: In the guinea pig, ocular growth and refractive error are visually regulated in a bidirectional manner to plus and minus lenses, but that the eye responds in a graded manner to imposed effective hyperopic defocus.

TL;DR: Visual saliency does not account for observers' bias to select the eyes within complex social scenes, nor does it account for fixation behavior in general, and it appears that observers' fixations are driven largely by their default interest in social information.

TL;DR: Detailed methodology to provide cell density information at small scales demonstrated the presence of a horizontal region in the dorsal retina with highest densities, resembling a visual streak.

TL;DR: A standardized simulation and reporting framework is proposed so that future simulations may be configured to be more realistic to the experience of implant recipients, and the simulation parameters from different investigators may be more readily extracted, and study results more fittingly compared.

TL;DR: This paper links the psychophysical results to neurophysiology by implementing a simple, biologically-plausible model to show that attention affects the gain and tuning of population responses differentially, depending on the type of attention being deployed.

TL;DR: The population of mice R GCs may be counted automatically with a level of confidence comparable to manual counts and the distribution of RGCs adopts a form of regional specialization that resembles a horizontal visual streak.

TL;DR: It is concluded that search is guided to categorically-defined targets, and that this guidance uses a categorical model composed of features common to the target class.

TL;DR: Seven studies of spatial and feature-based attention, ranging from monkey electrophysiological studies in V4 and MT to fMRI studies in human visual cortex, are reevaluated in the context of a single parametric model that incorporates a variety of ways in which attention can influence neuronal responses.

TL;DR: A mathematical model wherein retinal nerve fiber trajectories can be described and the corresponding inter-subject variability analyzed was developed, based on traced nerve fiber bundle trajectories extracted from 55 fundus photographs of 55 human subjects.

TL;DR: Findings support the idea that limited processing resources affect early vision, even when the display is impoverished and there is no location uncertainty, and that there was no benefit without a cost.

TL;DR: It is shown that the transfer of functions indicates that the specificity of improvement in the trained task can be generalized by repetitive practice of target detection, covering a sufficient range of spatial frequencies and orientations, leading to an improvement in unrelated visual functions.

TL;DR: It is shown that TIPL is gated by learning signals that are triggered from task processing or by rewards, which operate to enhance processing of individual stimulus features and appear to result in plasticity in early stages of visual processing.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that HP of faces emerges for very briefly presented faces, and that limited perceptual encoding time affects response biases and overall level of performance but not whether faces are processed holistically.

TL;DR: Maloney and Dal Martello as mentioned in this paper reported that similarity ratings of pairs of related and unrelated children were almost perfect predictors of the probability that those children were judged as being siblings by a second group of observers.

TL;DR: The results showed that word length influenced children's reading times and fixation positions on words, and children exhibited stronger word length effects than adults in gaze durations and refixations.

TL;DR: Linguistic rather than oculomotor skills determined the development of reading abilities, although naming latencies of fourth graders did not reliably reflect word decoding processes in normal sentence reading.

TL;DR: It is shown that suprachoroidal, bipolar stimulation can elicit localized activity in the primary visual cortex, with the extent of localization and magnitude of response dependent on the electrode configuration.

TL;DR: This work systematically measures the ability of human subjects to estimate motion direction for four commonly used RDM algorithms under a range of parameters in order to understand how these different algorithms compare in their perceptibility and finds that parametric and algorithmic differences can produce dramatically different performances.

TL;DR: It is suggested that differences between adults and children are related to the level of difficulty of the sentences for readers of different ages.

TL;DR: The perceptual learning technique can be successfully used to treat children with amblyopia even after the conventional treatment of patching fails and improved the contrast sensitivity, which reached the normal range after treatment.

TL;DR: Evidence implies that the eye may be able to infer whether the eye is myopic or hyperopic from the different chromatic contrasts that result from different signs of defocus.

TL;DR: A population-coding model is implemented that estimates attentional effects on population contrast response given psychophysical data and shows that whereas endogenous (sustained, voluntary) attention changes population contrast-response via contrast gain, exogenous (transient, involuntary) attentionChanges population Contrast Response via response gain.

TL;DR: The present experiment examined how word discriminability affects the pattern of eye movements when reading unspaced text in an alphabetic language and found that there was a reading cost in the unspaces sentences relative to the normally written sentences.

TL;DR: A simple heuristic for optimal fixation selection is derived and test that shows that the near-optimal fixation location is the maximum of the current posterior probability distribution for target location after the distribution is filtered by (convolved with) the square of the retinotopic target detectability map.