Showing papers in "World applied sciences journal in 2009"

Health risk assessment of heavy metals for population via consumption of vegetables.

Abstract: The heavy metals pollution is one of the problems that arise due to the increased uses of fertilizers and other chemicals to meet the higher demands of food production for human consumption. Health risk assessment for heavy metals of the population is a very good technique because such assessment would be useful to give information about any threat regarding heavy metals contamination in vegetables. For health risk assessment different methods are used by different researchers. In this review paper different methods, for assessment of the heavy metals concentration in the human body contributed by contaminated vegetables, are discussed. These methods include the daily intake of metals (DIM), daily dietary index (DDI), provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI), along with the methods used for the health risk assessment. The health risk assessment methods include hazard quotient (HQ) and health risk index (HRI).

Fatty Acid Profile of the Oil Extracted from Fish Waste (Head, Intestine and Liver) (Sardinella lemuru)

Abstract: Fish lipid contains long-chain n-3 (omega-3) PUFA, particularly EPA (C20:5 n-3) and DHA (C22:6 n-3). Consumptions of these PUFAs have been perceived to be important in human nutrition, health and disease prevention. World fish lipid request continue to increase. Fish lipid that contributes to the nutritional needs is currently being extracted from liver or muscle of cod, herring, mackerel and sardine. Sardine, the important industrial fish, discharged considerable amount of wastes. These wastes include the head, liver and intestine. Substantial amount of lipid can be extracted from these wastes. All the extracted oils were less than 6 % of which the highest was in liver (5.80 %). The predominant fatty acids in sardine wastes were palmitic (C16:0; 27.80- 35.56 %), stearic (C18:0; 5.90- 9.30 %), oleic (C18:1c; 15.47- 21.79 %) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6; 11.87- 15.95 %). The n3 / n6 ratio of the respective head, liver and intestine lipid samples showed the value higher than 1. Due to n-3 fatty acid compound and n-3 / n-6 ratio, lipid from sardine waste may be a valuable source for human consumption.

Chufa Tubers (Cyperus esculentus L.): As a New Source of Food

Abstract: This work reported the proximate evaluation of dry Chufa (Cyperus esculentus L.) tubers with emphasis on the characterization of its oil extracted as compared with olive oil (Oleo europea). Moreover, fatty acids compositions of both oils were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography (GLC). Minerals content of chufa tubers were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Also, amino acids content of chufa tubers was determination by amino acid analyzer. Chufa coated with chocolate was prepared from chufa tubers and sensory qualities were evaluated as compared with commercial peanut coated with chocolate. Results indicated that Chufa tubers were characterized by low moisture content (3.75 %), high levels of starch (295 g / kg) and high fat content (30.00 %). Tubers contained significant amounts of fiber (4.30 %), rich in Ca (152.00 ppm), P (123.00 ppm) and Na (140 ppm). Moreover, Chufa tubers are a good source of total amino acids. Amino acid profiles were dominated by, aspartic acid followed by glutamic acid, leucine, alanine and arginine. It i s remarkable that the Chufa and olive oils are similar in fatty acid composition. Chufa and olive oils contained palmitic acid as the main saturated acid and oleic acid as the predominant unsaturated acid. In conclusion, the results obtained show that preparation of Chufa coated with chocolate from Chufa tuber was cheaper, more nutritious highly acceptable healthy food. The results provide additional information about the nutritional value and confirm that of chufa tubers are an interesting healthy food.

Intelligent Control Based Fuzzy Logic for Automation of Greenhouse Irrigation System and Evaluation in Relation to Conventional Systems

Abstract: The idea of irrigation is not new, irrigation stems as far back as the Egyptians and probably further in unrecorded history. Even the idea of automated irrigation is not new, mankind has figured out how to irrigate large areas of foliage through the use of automated and drop irrigation systems. Efficient, automated irrigation systems, which can irrigate plants to a desired level and supply those plants with just the amount of water required for normal an uptake plant growth, are currently not available. These systems, if developed, could reduce waste of irrigated water. The irrigation controller is the "brain" of an entire irrigation system. It supervises the flow of water and fertilizer to the plants, therefore, enables the farmer, or the gardener, to obtain optimized results: A successful crop or a beautiful garden, by using an optimum amount of water and fertilizer. Nowadays computerized control is very essential for the greenhouse irrigation control. Many conventional methods for controlling greenhouse irrigation are not effective since they are either based on on-off control methods or proportional control methods. This results in a loss of energy and productivity. The paper presents a solution for an irrigation controller based on the fuzzy-logic methodology. First, it describes the general problem of irrigation. Then, it discusses the physical control model. The developed Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) prototype is based on a Mamedani controller and it is built on MATLAB software. Following the discussion and the formal presentation of the fuzzy controller, the paper provide examples that will show the simplicity in designing and constructing such a system and other advantages of using fuzzy logic in the feedback control problem. The developed fuzzy logic controller can effectively estimate amount of water uptake of plants in distinct depth using the reliable irrigation model, evapotranspiration functions, environmental conditions of greenhouse, soil type, type of plant and another factors affecting the irrigation of greenhouse.

Study of Various Parameters in the Biosorption of Heavy Metals on Activated Sludge

Abstract: 2 Abstract: Heavy metal pollution has become one of the most serious environmental problems today. Billions of gallons of wastewaters containing oils and particulates are produced each year by metallurgical plants, ships, petroleum and gas operations, industrial washing operations and other processes. Unfortunately, water systems have long tended to be one of the neglected areas of the process plant. However, this situation is changing rapidly as environmental legislation tightens. An investigation has been undertaken to determine the removal of heavy metals (Cd , Cu , Ni and Zn ) of high environmental priority due to their toxicity, from dilute 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ aqueous solutions studied in the present work by biosorption using inexpensive biomaterials like activated sludge. Activated sludge is used widely in water treatment plants and is easily available. To understand the action of bio metals uptake, the essential role played by extra cellular polymeric substance (EPS) needs to be understood. Factors influencing the biosorption of the heavy metals are cleaning of the sludge, pH, initial metal ion concentration, weight of the adsorbent, mixing index, time and temperature. The adsorption parameters were determined using both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models and showed a better fitting of experimental data. The maximum sorption uptake of the studied metal ions by activated sludge showed the following order Cd > Cu >Ni >Zn . 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+

Soil fertility status and NuMaSS fertilizer recommendation of typic hapluusterts in the northern highlands of Ethiopia.

Abstract: Nutrient depletion is one of the major causes that contribute to decline in soil productivity in the highlands of Ethiopia. It is generally a reversible constraint as long as soil test based fertilizer application is in place. However, Ethiopian subsistence agriculture has suffered for years due to lack of proper knowledge to combat nutrient depletion. To date, blanket application is the traditional approach for applying commercial fertilizers irrespective of soil types and agroecology. Thus, it is imperative to start to develop an agro-ecology based soil test program for small holding farmers. This study assesses the soil fertility status of Typic Hapluusterts and suggests application of NuMaSS as a diagnostic tool to recommend supplementary N and P fertilizers for maize at limiting sites. In total thirty-six soil samples were collected from five profiles and analyzed for the major soil physical and chemical properties. The study reveals that N, P and micronutrients are deficient in all the sampled profiles. Based on the soil analytical data and farmers' soil fertility management practices, the study proposes that a quarter, half or the lower confident limit of the NuMaSS prescribed fertilizer 213 kg P ha and 104 kg N ha for Adigudom; 161 kg P ha and 98 kg N ha for Adwa; 132 kg P ha and 1 1 11 1

Histological, histochemical and ultrastructural study of the intestine of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

Abstract: The histological and histochemical characteristics of the intestine and the ultrastructure of it's mucosa were studied in rainbow trout. The histological characterizations revealed that the wall of the intestine is composed of the tunica mucosa, tunica submucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa. Intestinal mucosa displays many villi and a simple columnar epithelium in associated with goblet cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes. Muscularis mucosae and mucosal tubular glands were not seen. Eosinophilic granular cells (mast cells) observed along the intestine mainly beneath the stratum compactum, an acidophilic longitudinal layer. Histochemical analysis showed that the goblet cells have acidic and neutral mucosubstances. At the ultrastructural level, the columnar cells of the intestine have microvilli toward the lumen and are joined together at the apical surfaces by the junctional complexes. Lysosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum and polymorphic mitochondria are scattered in the supranuclear cytoplasm of enterocytes. Many pinocytotic vesicles were observed in the enterocytes of the middle part of the intestine.

Heavy metal contamination and distribution in the Shiraz industrial complex zone soil, South Shiraz, Iran.

Abstract: Concentrations of heavy metals (As, Co, Cu, Ni, Mo, Pb and Zn) are studied in the soil of Shiraz industrial complex zone, south Shiraz, Iran to asses metal contamination due to industrialization, urbanization and agricultural activity. Soil samples were collected from three different depths. The A and C depths are enriched with metals such as Ni, As, Mo, Cu, Pb and Zn, compared with the B depth. The average abundance order of heavy metal contents in soil depth are: Ni>Zn>Cu>Co>Pb>As>Mo. Soil contamination is assessed on the basis of contamination factor (CF) and modified degree of contamination (mC ). The CF and mC base of dd background values in the three sampled depths for Cu, Zn, Co, Ni, Mo and As are moderate. Pb reveals considerable contamination. The results of enrichment factor (EF) show that using Sc concentration in the average shale produces higher average EF values for Ni, Co and Mo as compared to average values determined using the actual Sc content in lower core baseline values (background). The results of the principal component analysis (PCA) show Zn, Co, Ni, Sc, Cu, Al and Fe come from a similar source and are not influenced by anthropogenic sources. High loading of Zn, Co, Cu and Ni with clay, Al and Fe indicate the active role played by Al and Fe hydroxides and clay content on distribution and sorption of the studied heavy metals in soil. Also, PCA results indicate that As, Mo and Pb behave differently at different depths.

Antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by tribals against UTI causing pathogens.

Abstract: Bacterial pathogens have evolved numerous defense mechanisms against antimicrobial agents; hence resistance to old and newly produced drugs is on the rise. The phenomenon of antibiotic resistance exhibited by the pathogenic microorganisms have led to the need for screening of several medicinal plants for their potential antimicrobial activity. Thus the present study was undertaken to investigate the antibacterial activity of 15 medicinal plants used by tribals against UTI causing isolates. The antibacterial activity of aqueous, ethanol and acetone extracts of Corriander sativum, Abutilon indicum, Boerhavia diffusa andrographis paniculata, Plantago ovata, Bacopa monnieri, Bauhinia variegata, Flacouratia ramontchi, Embelia tfgerium, Euphorbia ligularia, Zinziber officinale, Terminalia chebula, Azadirachta indica, Ocimum sanctum and Cinnamomum cassia was determined against 33 UTI isolates i.e. Proteus mirabilis (10), Escherichia coli (6), Proteus vulgaris (6), Klebsiella pneumoniae (5), Enterobacter cloacae (2), Providencia pseudomallei (2), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1) and Klebsiella oxytoca (1) by disc diffusion method. Our studies concluded that crude extracts of the selected plants especially the acetone and ethanol extracts exhibited significant activity against UTI pathogens. It can be concluded that these plants can be used to discover natural products that may serve as lead for the development of new pharmaceuticals addressing the major therapeutic needs.

Evaluation of Plant Growth Hormones Production (IAA) Ability by Iranian Soils Rhizobial Strains and Effects of Superior Strains Application on Wheat Growth Indexes

Abstract: Proving of rhizobia's other abilities in spite of Nitrogen fixation ability and considering these bacteria as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), researching tasks in this field have increased. Now, it's completely proved that we can find such strains among many more strains of each rhizobial group that can also do effective process in plant growth promoting as plant growth hormones production, in addition of their ability in N fixation. Such strains can be useful not only for their special host, but also for other plants. 2 At first, 100 isolates selected from different rhizobial genus and microscopic and biochemical tests were done on each of them. Fresh inoculants of each strain were prepared from stock media, adjusted to 2.4*10 cfu.ml 91 and isolates evaluated on their potential production of auxin hormone (IAA and its homologues) by Brick (1991) on LB solid medium which was improved with TRP. Application effect of IAA super strains inoculants on + wheat growth indexes were evaluated. The results were indicated that indigenous rhizobia have the potential of Indole auxins production (IAA). Depend on ANOVA results, significant difference (P<0.001) has been observed in rhizobial groups and also in the strains of each rhizobial group from the point of IAA production capability. Greenhouse test results on wheat showed that bacterial treatment and also the Ag and Trp. Treatments had significant effect on measured parameters. Comparison of means shows that there is a significant difference between the rhizobial treatment effects on the measured parameters too. Also the mean comparison of Ag and Trp. Treatments shows that usage of both Ag and TrpTreatments together cause a significant increase on measured parameters in comparison with using Ag and Trp Alone and also in comparison with the blank. So, the most important promotion mechanism b yrhizobial strains, is production of Indole phytohormones (IAA) which results the better root growth, so increase of water and micronutrient (N, P and K) uptake by the plant and increase of the plant growth.

Application of moringa oleifera seed extract and polyaluminum chloride in water treatment.

Abstract: The use of synthetic coagulants is not regarded as suitable due to health and economic considerations. Studies were carried out in laboratory scale on deionised water containing synthetic turbidity of kaolinite. Experiments were carried out in four turbidity ranges: 10, 50, 500, 1000 (NTU) and the pH range 5-8. The efficiency of moringa oleifera seed extract and polyaluminum chloride was examined with jar test. Extract of moringa oleifera seed could respectively remove turbidities of 98, 97, 89 and 55 percent in optimum concentration 10-30 (mg/l) and the optimum pH of 6-8. Poly aluminum chloride could remove 99, 98, 95 and 89 percent of the above mentioned turbidity ranges in optimum concentration of 20-30 (mg/l) with the optimum pH of 8. The aim of this study was to compare the efficiency of two coagulants polyaluminum chloride and "moringa oleifera", which is a natural coagulant. The results of this study showed that the extract of moringa oleifera seed had a minimal effect on pH and a higher efficiency in removing high turbidities in comparison with low turbidities. Reduction of pH decreased the efficiency of polyaluminum chloride in turbidity removal. Studies showed that the dominant mechanism turbidity removal by moringa oleifera seed extract was adsorption and charge neutralization and intera particular bridging.

Stomach contents and feeding habits of Oreochromis niloticus (L.) from Abu-Zabal lakes, Egypt.

Abstract: The present study aimed to provide information on the abundance of natural foods needed by Oreochromis niloticus (L.) in newly formed mining lake namely Abu-Zabal lakes. The natural food of O. niloticus in Abu-Zabal lake, Egypt was studied from the gut contents of fish measuring 10- 23 cm total length. Gut contents were analyzed using two methods, the frequency of occurrence and numerical method. Diatoms, blue green algae and green algae constituted main food of plant origin. Diatoms were found to be the most preferable food of plant origin where it occurred in more than 68.0% of the examined fish. Rotifers, cladoceranes, ostracods, copepods, molluscanes and animal derivatives were comprised the food of anima l origin. Sand particles, detritus and macrophytes (plant tissues) occurred in about 40.0, 75.4 and 33.3% of the examined guts respectively. It was concluded that O. niloticus in Abu-Zabal lakes is omnivorous.

Clinical evaluation of antidiabetic activity of Trigonella seeds and Aegle marmelos leaves.

Abstract: Diabetes mellitus is a heterogenous metabolic disease characterized by altered carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism. So many traditional herbs are being used by diabetic patients to control the disease. But very few studies are performed to investigate the efficacy of these herbs clinically. In the present study, an attempt has been made to investigate clinically the antidiabetic activity of Fenugreek seeds (FG) (Trigonella foenum-graceum Linn.) and Bael leaves (BL) (Aegle marmelos,Corr.) individually and collectively in non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients. Literature survey reveals their antidiabetic activity in animals but no such studies were performed clinically. FG were powdered and used for the study. BL dried in shadow, were powdered and its decoction was used for the study. The study was performed in four different groups for a period of 16 weeks. Each group was having 20 NIDDM patients, whereas five patients were kept as control subjects. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were formed for the study. Written consent was taken from the patients. Initial postprandial blood glucose level (PPBGL) was estimated at the time of enrolment in the study and then after each week during the entire period of the study. At the end of the study, the initial and final readings were compared. There were significant changes in PPBGL of patients who were receiving these two herbs collectively as compared to the other patients who were receiving these herbs individually in comparison to patients who were on their standard oral hypoglycemic therapy. FG powder 20gm and decoction of 5gm BL powder individually once daily orally were found to have antidiabetic effect. It was more markedly observed when these drugs were given in combination.

Survey of corrosion and scaling potential produced water from Ilam Water Treatment Plant.

Abstract: Corrosion causes metals delivering (conduit materials) into the conveyed liquid. If the corrosion be very rapid, it will cause pipes cavitation. Then, the intrusion of contaminants into the pipes result in negative suction and if the water has been scaling tendency, a scale layer will introduce, then induce internal scaling and reduce convey potential in pipes. The aim of this research was determining the corrosion potential of produced water in Ilam Water Treatment Plant during 2007 to 2008. For this reason the measures of temperature and pH determined by pH meter model E520 manufactured of Switzerland at site and determining of Total Dissolved Solids, calcium hardness, calcium, total alkalinity and bicarbonate concentration had done in laboratory according to standard method manual. Values of pHs, Langlier Saturation Index, Ryznar Stability Index, Aggressiveness Index, Puckorius Scaling Index and Larson Ratio, calculated twice at month during 12 months between 2007to2008. The calculated results showed that the mean and Standard Deviation values of Langlier Saturation Index, Ryznar Stability Index, Aggressiveness Index, Puckorius Scaling Index and Larson Ratio are equal to 0.29 and 0.5, 7.45 and 0.17, 12.44 and 0.16, 7.99 and 0.14 and 0.77 and 0.1, respectively. By survey of corrosion indexes, it founded that produced water from Ilam water treatment plant has average corrosion potential. By comparing of the quality parameters produced water from Ilam Water Treatment Plant with available standards, it’s founded that the average concentration for Ca , SO4 , Cl , TDS, hardness and pH is ++ -in the range of Iran and EPA water quality standards.

Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Some Spices

Abstract: The antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of some spices (M. piperita L., R. coriaria L., T. spicata, S. officinalis, R. officinalis L., C. ovata L., O. vulgare L., L. nobilis L. and C. annum L.) were determined. The higher TEAC values (mmol TE/g extract) were obtained for sage (1.783) and rosemary (1.241). The IC value (mg/ml) ranged between 0.103-4.082 for mint and capers, respectively. Total phenolic 50 contents of sumac (497.87 mg GAE/g) and mint (493.48 mg GAE/g) were higher, while the value for red pepper (74.36 mg GAE /g) and capers (185.54 mg GAE /g) were lower. It was concluded that the tested spices are good sources of phenolic materials and may be used in different applications to preserve foods and human health.

Use of some plant extracts to control Biomphalaria alexandrina snails with emphasis on some biological effects.

Abstract: The present work was carried out to evaluate, the molluscicidal activity of cold water, boiled water, methanol, ethanol, acetone and chloroform extracts of some plant species against Biomphalaria alexandrina snails. Preliminary screening tests on 10 plant species showed that the highest molluscicidal potency was recorded for Euphorbia splendens, Atriplex stylosa and Guayacum officinalis. Exposure of B. alexandrina snails to plant’s methanol extracts led to a significant reduction in their survival and growth rates. In addition, newly hatched snails were susceptible to plant’s methanol extracts than elder ones. LC25 of methanol extract from these plants caused a considerable reduction in the infectivity of Schistosoma mansoni miracidia to the snails. It caused a reduction in number of cercariae per snail during the patent period and in the period of cercarial shedding. The results, also, revealed that the glucose concentration in treated snails was increased in haemolymph, while soft tissue glycogen decreased. The activities of glycogen phosphorylase, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), glucose-6-phosphatase and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) in homogenate of snail’s tissues were reduced (P < 0.001) in response to treatment with plants methanol extract, while glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) activity increased (P < 0.001). It was concluded that the application of LC25 of methanol extracts of E. splendens, A. stylosa and G. officinalis may be helpful in snail control as it interferes with the snails’ biology and physiology.

AMMI model analysis of stability and adaptability of late duration finger millet (Eleusine coracana) genotypes.

Abstract: Multilocation yield trials on late duration (106-125 days) finger millet genotypes were conducted under early and late transplanting at Bhubaneswar and early direct-sown condition at Berhampur for three years 2004-2006, during kharif season. G×E interaction analysis of grain yield in AMMI (Additive Main and Multiplicative Interaction) model showed differential interaction of the genotypes in the 3 planting conditions. IPCA-1 explained 93% of G×E interaction. AMMI G×E interaction study showed that OEB 56, OEB 71 and VR 822 had high mean and positive interaction, while PES 110 had high mean and very low interaction. On basis of AMMI II predicted yield, the genotypes OEB 56 and OEB 71 were better suited for early transplanting at Bhubaneswar and early direct-sown condition at Berhampur indicating that the genotype would be suitable for early cropping, but not late cropping. The genotype PES 110 showed better adaptation to both early and late transplanting conditions at Bhubaneswar, indicating that the genotype is suitable for transplanting condition and not for direct-sown condition. Six other genotypes showed specific adaptation to single environment only, of which Chilika ranked first under late transplanting at Bhubaneswar and VR 822 ranked first under early direct- sown condition at Berhampur, indicating specific adaptation.

Screening, identification of best producers and optimization of extracellular proteases from moderately halophilic alkalithermotolerant indigenous actinomycetes.

Abstract: Of 14 actinomycete isolates in our collection from various biotopes in Manipur that were screened on skim milk agar, 5 strains produced high amounts of extracellular proteases as indicated by large halos. One isolate HA-4, obtained from limestone quarry sample, was selected for further studies. The selected isolate was subjected to polyphasic characterization and identified as Nocardiopsis prasina HA-4. The organism grew well at temperatures of 20-42°C, pH 7-10 and in presence of 2-10% NaCl (with more growth at 10% salt). Cultural and environmental conditions for protease production by HA-4 were studied. Sucrose (5%,w/v) and peptone (0.2%, w/v) were found to be the best C and N sources for protease production respectively. The optimum temperature for the enzyme from HA-4 was 55°C and it had two pH optima at 7.0 and 10.0. Ca and Mg partially inhibited

Solubility test in some phosphate rocks and their potential for direct application in soil.

Abstract: There are various methods to evaluating phosphate rock for direct application. The first approach is solubility test of Phosphate Rocks (PR) using chemical extractant. In this study to compare the effectiveness of direct application of PRs, two samples of a sedimentary unbeneficiated PR from Lar mine of Yasooj and two samples of concentrated PR of Asfordi igneous PR of Yazd in Iran along with one sample PR of Gafsa (Tunisia) were analyzed for the main nutrients and minerals with XRF and XRD. Calcite and quartz were the main ingredients of Yasooj PR which cause problems for direct application. Yazd PR in addition to apatite had some iron and magnesium minerals which are also undesirable for fertilizer producing. The reactivity of these PRs was determined using the common extractants (Formic Acid, Citric Acid and Neutral Ammonium Citrate) and classified on the basis of International Fertilizer Development Center (IFDC) proposed classification method for direct application. The reactivity of Iranian PRs was quite low compare to Gafsa PR. The long-term dissolution kinetics of these PRs were determined with Formic Acid (FA) and Citric Acid (CA) showed slow reaction initially (0-20 min.) because of the presence of free calcium carbonate but later on the reaction rate increased surpassing Gafsa PR. Therefore Yasooj PR could be recommended to use in soil after beneficiation and removal of lime. The kinetics of dissolution of Yazd PRs followed a zero order equation.

Response of Faba Bean to Bio, Mineral Phosphorus Fertilizers and Foliar Application with Zinc

Abstract: Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is one of the major leguminous crops grown in the world. It is important source of protein for humans and animals. A 2-yr field study was carried out in the Research and Experimental Center of Faculty of Agriculture at Moshtohor, Benha University, Egypt, during 2006/2007 and 2007/2008 seasons. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of six phosphorus (P) fertilizer treatments (0, 15, 30 kg P O , phosphate dissolving bacteria (PDB), PDB + 15 kg P O and PDB+30 kg P O / fed) and four spraying 25 25 25 treatments with Zinc (Tap water, 0.02, 0.04 and 0.06% as Zn EDTA(14% Zn)) on yield, yield components and chemical contents of faba bean seeds cv. Giza 843. Adding 30 kg P O mixed with PDB markedly increased plant 25 height, No. of branches and pods/plant, 100-seed weight, seed yield/plant, seed and straw yields/fed, protein%, N%, P%, N and P uptake. The results indicated that there were significant differences between foliar applications of zinc treatments in all traits studied. The maximum values of 100-seed weight, seed yield/plant and seed yield/fed were 71.86 g, 28.10 g and 1.657 ton, respectively, when plants received 0.04% Zn EDTA. The interaction between phosphorus and zinc treatments were significantly affected on plant height, No. of branches/plant, seed yield/fed, P%, N and P uptake in the combined analysis. Generally, it can be concluded that adding 30 kg P O mixed with PDB under sprayed of 0.04% Zn EDTA (14% Zn) may be the recommended 25 treatment for improving the productivity of faba bean crop under the conditions of the present study.

Water Quality Assessment of Bertam River and its Tributaries in Cameron Highlands, Malaysia

Abstract: 2 Abstract: The expansion of the urban population within Bertam river catchment in Cameron Highlands increased the input of organic matter to the river system. It originates from sewage and fertilizers, through point sources and non-point sources of pollution. This organic pollution causes very severe bio-contamination with bacteria and viruses, which can cause some serious diseases. On the other hand, it is apparent that an assessment of water quality cannot focus on chemical indicators alone, but must instead focus on indicators that integrate the effects of physical, chemical and biological contaminations. Therefore, in this research the pH, EC, TDS, COD, Total Nitrogen, Total Phosphor and E.coli at four points (SP1 to SP4) of Bertam river and five points (SP5 to SP9) of its tributaries were measured during average and high water flow to determine and specify the level of pollution in the river. Results show water quality of the Bertam river deteriorates and continues just after its origin at SP1 as huge increase of total solids up to 4000 mg/L was observed during high water flow at SP2 while it was around 5 mg/L at SP1 in same period. Also the high concentrations of Total Nitrogen and Phosphorus was observed at SP2 (17 mg/L N and 14 mg/L P) and SP5 ( 9.7 mg/L N and 8.7 mg/L P) during high water flow. Finally, the presence of E.coli of more than 200 MPN/100ml was found at SP2, SP3 and SP7.

Determination of Heavy Metals in Zayandeh Rood River, Isfahan-Iran

Abstract: 2 Abstract: Zayandeh-Rood is one of the most important rivers flows in the central Part of Iran. The river source is located in Koohrang Mountains. The river passes through two Provinces; Chaharmohal-Bakhtiari and Isfahan. The river at the end discharges to the Gavkhooni Wetland. The river water is used for drinking, industrial and agricultural purposes. The determination of pollutants such as pesticides, heavy metals and other chemical parameters through out the river is important and has a great role in the control of the ecological condition of this water media. The anthropogenic impact on the environment in the last four decade has proven to be extremely negative due to the quick development of industry. An example is the Zayandeh Rood River in center of Iran, one of the most polluted sites in this region. Trace elements concentrations (Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) were measured seasonal in the Zayandeh Rood River waters during October 2004 to September 2005. In the present work, ICP-AES as a multi-elemental technique has been used for the determination of trace heavy metals. No Significant differences between the seven studied sites were observed for heavy metals and this result was attributed to the influence of the industrial activities in the region and/or the municipal runoff in this area.

Analysis of factors affecting adoption of sustainable soil conservation practices among wheat growers

Abstract: This study discusses factors affecting adoption of sustainable soil conservation practices among wheat growers and presents findings from a case study conducted in Varamin County. By proportional random sampling, 72 wheat growers were selected. Data collection was done through a questionnaire that was administered in 2008. Validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts. To assess the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha was used. This coefficient for adoption level of sustainable soil conservation practices was 0.73. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics such as extent of mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, correlation analysis and regression analysis. The results of regression analysis shows that level of knowledge could explain 83.5% of the variation in the adoption level of sustainable soil conservation practices.

Analysis of agricultural impact on the Cauvery River water around KRS dam.

Abstract: Various hydrochemical parameters cf river water (pH, Electrical conductivity, total dissolved solid, hardness, bicarbonate, chloride, sulfate, nitrate, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium) in a reach of the Cauvery River around the KRS Dam were studied during 2008. The main aim of this study is to assess the quality of water for agricultural purposes and their potential impacts. In the present study samples were collected at 17 stations during three seasons in 2008. Chemical data including Total Hardness, Total Alkalinity, Chloride, Nitrate, Phosphate, Sulfate and physico-chemical parameters including temperature. pH, electrical conductivity. Turbidity, total solids, total. dissolved solids (TDS), were used for mathematical calculation (SAR, Na%, RSC, potential salinity, permeability index) and for evaluation of agricultural impacts on river water quality. The result were compared with standard permissible limits. Analyses were carried out with various chemical techniques to determine the various physico-chemical characteristics. The results were compare with USSL [16] and. Wilcox diagrams [12], which show all the fresh water zone samples of study area are in "Excellent to good" category and it is suitable for irrigation and tolerant as well as sensitive to crop . But. the study also indicates in few sampling stations water quality is not suitable for any uses and it is because of pollution by agricultural runoff.

Low voltage power generation in a biofuel cell using anaerobic cultures.

Abstract: 2 Abstract: Biological fuel cell converts chemical energy exists in chemical bonds of organic substrates to electrical energy. The living cells in the anode chamber utilize substrate for the growth maintenance; as a result electrons are supplied. In this research paper, a dual chamber of microbial fuel cell was used. Several microorganisms such as Pseudomonas putida, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Escherichia coli and Aspergillus niger were cultured in an anaerobic chamber for the generation of electrons. The system was started with initial glucose concentration of 30gl and the substrate consumption -1 was monitored for the incubation period of 48 hours. The rate of substrate consumption in the anaerobic compartment indicated that Saccharomyces cerevisiae had the great potential to generate electrons. Maximum voltage generated in the microbial fuel cell was 0.39v. The generated current was quite stable for the duration of 48 hours.

Morphology, anatomy and palynology of Salvia indica L. (Labiatae).

Abstract: Salvia indica L., which belongs to section Aethiopis, is a perennial herb usually growing on rocky limestone slopes and Quercus scrubs in the Southeast Anatolia. In this study, the morphological, anatomical and palynological characteristics of this species using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) have been investigated. In addition, nutlet morphology, emended and expanded description, phenology and ecology of S. indica are presented. The stem anatomical structure showed the general features of the family Labiatae. The leaf characters such as the structure of mesophyll and vascular bundles provide important information of taxonomic values. The pollen grains are hexacolpate, radially symmetrical, isopolar and suboblate. Their exine sculptring is bireticulate-perforate. The nutlets are rounded-trigonous in transverse sections, ovate in shape, glabrous and slightly tuberculate. The species often grows in neutral sandy soils (pH 7.44) with a middle level of organic content (2.62%).

Bending and shearing properties of wheat stem of alvand variety.

Abstract: 2 Abstract: Shearing stress of wheat stalk was measured for four moisture content levels (15, 25, 35 and 45%, w.b.), three cutting heights (100, 200 and 300 mm), two types of cutting knives, smooth and serrated edge and three blades oblique angle (0, 15 and 30 deg.). The results of data analysis showed that the shearing stress of wheat stems decreased as the moisture content decreased. The shearing force of stems, decreased as the cutting height of stalk increased, because of a reduction in stalk diameter. Shearing stress was lower by using smooth edge knife, because of less friction than serrated one. The blade oblique angle of 30 degree showed the least shearing stress. The average of shearing stress varied between 3.25 and 3.86 MPa. Bending stress and modulus of elasticity increased as the moisture content decreased and decreased as the cutting height of stem increased. The average of bending stress varied between 17.74-26.77 MPa and modulus of elasticity varied between 3.13-3.75 Gpa.

Salicornia production in Kuwait.

Abstract: Kuwait lacks the resources for agricultural development and plant production, but there are growing (high) interest with the public and the government for plant cultivation. The soil is sandy in texture with low fertility content of nutrients and low water holing capacity. The irrigation water is limited to desalinated sea water which is very expensive, brackish water that is to saline for crop production and treated sewage water which is not available for crop production due to lack of deliveries. The cooperation with University of Arizona and Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research in halophyte trial had positive result in Salicornia trials in Kuwait. The scientific findings show the possibility of utilizing the arid land with poor quality in soil properties and sea water to produce plant that can be use for animal production. Various tasks were implemented such as site selection, irrigation water delivery, sand storm control, nutrients application, plants selection and local staff training. The results show that Salicornia can replace alfalfa in Kuwait for 25% as initial results and utilization more method of nutrient application with flooded sea water to increase crop production. The objective was to evaluate the production and utilization of the halophyte (salt-plant) Salicornia under Kuwaiti conditions. An agronomic testing site in the Medairah area, was identified, prepared and planted with Salicornia. Water erosion reduced stand establishment initially and severe mobile sand inundated the plots, terminating the first season's trials after 120 days. The experimental plots were irrigated with highly saline water (25,000-33,000 mg/l total dissolved salts), similar in total salt content to seawater. Feeding trials were made on sheep. The first year's work found that Salicornia grew well in Kuwait for 120 days when irrigated only with highly saline brackish water and that Salicornia forage can partially replace conventional forage as a source of roughage and energy for small ruminants. Adjustments have been made for the second season in order to make Salicornia Kuwait's first seawater-irrigated crop with a potential for reducing forage imports and increasing the degree of self- sufficiency in animal feed.