Showing papers in "World Development in 1996"

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present two cases where public officials play a major role in the process of coproduction, a process through which inputs from individuals who are not “in” the same organization are transformed into goods and services.

TL;DR: The concept of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) was introduced by as mentioned in this paper, who showed that there is an inverted U-shape relation between environmental degradation and income per capita, so that, eventually, growth reduces the environmental impact of economic activity.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors used a combination of sample survey and case study data to argue that the success of Grameen Bank, is particular, in empowering women is due both to its strong, central focus on credit and its skillful use of rules and rituals to make the loan program function.

TL;DR: The authors argue that synergy usually combines complementarity with embeddedness and is most easily fostered in societies characterized by egalitarian social structures and robust, coherent state bureaucracies, however, synergy is constructable, even in the more adverse circumstances typical of Third World countries.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review the impact of this trend on NGO/GRO programming, performance, legitimacy and accountability and find that much of the case for emphasizing the role of NGOs/GROs rests on ideological grounds rather than empirical verification.

TL;DR: The growth of the building-block organizations of an autonomous civil society in an authoritarian environment depends on the "political construction" of social capital as mentioned in this paper, which can be coproduced by state and local societal actors or by the interaction of local societal actor and external actors in civil society.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors outline key theoretical components and practical concerns of a deagrarianization approach in sub-Saharan Africa and highlight the need for more focused study of the de-agriculturalization process and rural service sector development.

TL;DR: The New Poverty Agenda is seen as incorporating gender within a new broader concept of poverty (Lipton and Maxwell, 1992) capable of measuring, evaluating and redressing gender bias along with poverty-reduction policies based on labor-intensive growth, targeted social services and safety nets as mentioned in this paper.

TL;DR: Most estimates of male-female differences in technical efficiency from production function studies show that male and female farmers are equally efficient farm managers, controlling for levels of inputs and human capital as mentioned in this paper.

TL;DR: In this paper, a case study of enterprise finance and contract enforcement in Ghana is presented based on a World Bank case study conducted in January 1993, where the authors emphasized the relationship between the need for contractual flexibility, trust, and reputation.

TL;DR: In this paper, a comparative analysis of 13 cases of inter-sectoral cooperation among public agencies, nongovernmental organizations, grassroots groups, and international donors is presented, and two successful implementation patterns are identified: government-mediated cooperation and grassroots-centered cooperation.

TL;DR: In this paper, the importance of plant characteristics, economic considerations and external pressure in determining environmental performance was investigated, and it was shown that pollution intensity is negatively associated with scale, productive efficiency, and the use of new process technology.

TL;DR: In this article, the potential positive role of relations which join state and civil society in shared developmental projects has been examined by examining the potentially positive role that relations can play in the development process.

TL;DR: This paper examined the impacts of agroclimatic shocks on income inequality and poverty, using household-farm data from three agroecological zones of Burkina Faso together with income-source decompositions of the Gini coefficient and the Foster-Greer-Thorbecke poverty index before and after a severe drought.

TL;DR: In both developed and developing countries there is mounting evidence that clustering and networking help small and medium-sized manufacturers to raise their competitiveness as discussed by the authors. But the role of public policy in this process is less clear.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that state intervention and class mobilization in the state of Kerala, India, have produced two forms of social capital, i.e., a programmatic labor movement and a democratic state, and explore the dynamics of both the organized factory sector and the unorganized (informal) sector.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the assumptions, predictions, and empirical implications of different intra-household resource allocation models and analyzed empirical tests that distinguish among competing intra-homehold models.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors draw on a broad range of empirical evidence to inquire about the internal structure of a well-functioning civil society, and to propose a general model for its relations with the state.

TL;DR: The tin agreement did not collapse, but for sugar and cocoa adverse market conditions and lack of general support made stabilization impractical as discussed by the authors, and the coffee market ceased largely because of disagreements both between and within the producing countries on the division of the benefits resulting from higher prices.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine the successful experience of irrigation governance and management in Taiwan as a means of understanding how joint efforts can be established and sustained through institutional arrangements, including a careful definition of the scope of farmers' participation, complementarity of interests between individuals, reduction of asymmetries involved in the use of authority, and the existence of domains of autonomy.

TL;DR: In this paper, a detailed study of the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh suggests that credit policies of the bank do not constitute a sufficient explanation for the Bank's success, and that its acclaimed policy of replacing individual collateral with group guarantee is in fact not practiced.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored whether formal financial institutions leave low-wealth producers tightly constrained in their access to credit, and whether cooperative institutions can efficiently relax these constraints using survey data gathered from 950 small-scale producer households in areas of Guatemala with market-oriented credit unions that mobilize savings and make unsubsidized loans.

TL;DR: In this paper, the success of eight rural financial intermediation systems in Indonesia, in profitably reaching large numbers of small individual clients, is explained in terms of organizational design, reflecting basic concerns with institutional and financial viability, elements of mechanism design have included compatible incentives such as performance-based compensations (profit sharing, collection fees), efficiency wages (equivalent to quasi-equity), and system monitoring.

TL;DR: The contribution of modern varieties of cereal crops to increased productivity in the postGreen Revolution period is reviewed and the future role of hybrids and biotechnology discussed in this article, with particular emphasis given to the ways in which modern varieties may contribute to input efficiency and sustainability.

TL;DR: In the case of the Russian economy, the transition from the old order to the new order has been characterized by a series of phases in which government policies try to rectify the unintended consequences of previous policies as discussed by the authors.

TL;DR: This article used household surveys in the five Spanish-speaking countries of Central America to examine patterns of employment and the structure of earnings in the formal and informal sectors, and found that most patterns were similar across the five countries, suggesting the factors influencing the formation of the informal sector are similar across countries.

TL;DR: This paper revisited the Kuznets hypothesis and used an extensive data set containing the most recent estimates of income distribution to test the hypothesis and the results indicate that the data comparability problem is not severe enough to nullify the estimates obtained from pooled regressions.

TL;DR: In this paper, a data set with 2,200 small enterprises chosen using random procedures in seven countries makes it possible to test the relationships between different measures and find only limited parallels between definitions based on size, on registration, on conformity to fiscal and other regulations, and on degrees of modernization.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors assess empirically the impact of female autonomy on fertility and find that by attending to fundamental freedoms for impoverished women, by enhancing women's access to and control over critical resources, women not only meet welfare goals but also promote a reduction in fertility.

TL;DR: This paper showed that developing countries with outward-oriented trade policies have higher pollution intensities of GDP than those following inward-oriented policies, and examined the policy implications of these results, and identified reasons why, despite them, it may not make sense to totally discount future potential win-win opportunities.