Showing papers in "Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences in 2017"

Incidence and Prevalence of Tuberculosis in Iran and Neighboring Countries

Abstract: Background: Tuberculosis is one of the major public health concerns in many countries, however the available and effective treatment is known. Tuberculosis typically determined with socio-economic problems such as war, malnutrition and HIV prevalence. In Iran, many progresses are carried to control tuberculosis but, different factors such as immigration from neighboring countries are affective to tuberculosis infection. Objectives: In this paper, the incidence and prevalence of tuberculosis is evaluated in different regions of Iran and neighboring countries. Methods: The data are collected from different and valid sources such as Scopus, Pubmed and also many reports from world health organization (WHO) and center of disease control and prevention (CDC) for a period of 25 years (1990 - 2015) evaluated for Iran and neighboring countries. Results: This study as a descriptive- analytical research is conducted cross- sectional among Iran and neighboring countries since 1990. The information is obtained from exact and valid informative data from web of sciences. The east and west border countries of Iran which are faced with war and immigration in Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iraq are source of tuberculosis infection that effect on tuberculosis prevalence in Iran. The data were analyzed by SPSS 22 and Excel 2013. Conclusions: The incidence of tuberculosis in Iran has been decreased because of many controlling actions such as BCG vaccination, electronic reporting system for tuberculosis and free access to tuberculosis medication. Some of Iran neighboring countries such as Tajikistan and Pakistan have the highest incidence of tuberculosis which known as a challenge for tuberculosis control in Iran while Saudi Arabia and Turkey have the lowest incidence.

Antimicrobial Activity of Some Medicinal Plant Extracts against Multidrug Resistant Bacteria

Abstract: Background: Nowadays, it is necessary to discover new and efficient antifungal or antimicrobial drugs because of increasing drug resistance organisms. Using medicinal plants for natural treatment of diseases caused by bacterial origin has mainly been considered. Objectives: In this study, the impacts of antimicrobial medicinal plants extract were compared based on four bacteria in vitro. Methods: In this experimental study, disc diffusion assay and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method were used to investigate the antibacterial effects of selected plant extract elicited by two different solvent on S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. enteric. Data were analyzed with a statistical software program (SPSS 16). Results: The hydro-alcoholic extract of Myrtus communis (myrtle) and water extract of Cinnamomun zeylanicum (cinnamon) were the most active extracts screened for antimicrobial activities against different four bacteria as tested organisms. The diameter of inhibition zones ranged from 23 to 28 mm. Comparison of the antibacterial effect of plant extracts and commercial drug revealed that the size of inhibition zone of penicillin against Staphylococcus aureus bacterium was larger than the plant extracts. However, myrtle extract at the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 30 mg/mL showed more powerful antibacterial activity compared to the other extracts and even penicillin. Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Nerium oleander (Oleander) and Glycyrihiza glabra (licorice) were found to have the least effect on the tested bacteria. Conclusions: In the present study, plant extracts with different compounds showed antibacterial activity (especially myrtle and cinnamon). Hence, they can be used as new source for antibacterial substances.

Association Between Obesity, White Blood Cell and Platelet Count

Abstract: Background: Cardiovascular disease is resulted from malfunctioning’s of heart as well as blood vessels. More than two decades ago it was noted that the number of white blood cells can be an indicated of the existence of such disease. Platelet activation and aggregation are among the include processes. That are considered in pathophysiology of a coronary heart disease. However there seems to be a paucity of research on platelet count in patients suffering from obesity. Moreover although previous studies have indicated a positive correlation between platelet and white blood cells. Counts and mortality from coronary heath disease, how this might correlate with obesity is an issue still in need of more attention. Objectives: The present study was designed to evaluate platelet count and white blood cell count in those patients who suffer from obesity as compared with control subjects who were not obese. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, there were a total of 1024 Iranian subjects living in Hamedan include, staff of Islamic Azad University of Hamedan and subjects who referred to Ekbatan hospital in Hamedan during the period of 6 months randomly and staff of Islamic Azad University of Hamedan. The absence of infectious disease was confirmed by a general practitioner. Finally, the samples included 486 subjects, 254 male, and 232were females. Body mass index was calculated. Waist circumference in the Iranian subjects, at least in men 89 (cm) and women 91 (cm) was considered. White blood cell and platelet count was measured. T-test and Pearson’s correlation were run to analyze the collected data through SPSS software version 16. Results: The average age of the subjects was 34.75 ± 8.1 years. The body mass indexes in 7.6 percent of men and 15.7 of women were greater than 30 (kg/m2). The averages of waist circumference in men and women was 1.04 ± 0.5 and 89.3 ± 10.2 (cm), respectively. Also there seemed to be a significant correlation between waist circumstance and the number of platelets in both male and female subjects (P < 0.0001); however, only in overweight (P = 0.005), and obese women (P < 0.0001). The platelet counts increased significantly. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between BMI and WBC in the obese group (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Our results showed a relationship between central and general adiposity and WBC count as an inflammation factor, and higher count of platelets count in subjects.

Compare the Quality of Life in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Healthy Individuals (Application of WHOQOL-BREF)

Abstract: Background: Diabetes is a chronic disease that its prevalence will double in the world by 2030. According to the report of world health organization (WHO) in 2014, diabetes is the fourth main disease contributing to premature death among Iranians. Objectives: According to the third national program of care system for risk factors of non-communicable diseases, the prevalence of diabetes is reported to be more than 8 percent. Given the high prevalence of diabetes and its importance, the aim of this study was compare the quality of life in patients with type II diabetes and healthy people in Kerman. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional. Two hundred diabetic patient and 200 healthy people participated in this study. The WHOQOL-BREF was used to collect data. Results: This study showed that score of quality of life in all dimension in diabetic patients were fewer than healthy people impressively (P < 0.05). The score of quality of life in physical dimension was higher in men than women (P = 0.035) and it was also higher in people graduated in diploma than other levels of education (P = 0.047). Conclusions: To recapitulate, since chronic diabetes disease is not fatal, the patients will not be recovered and they practically have the disease and its complications over their entire life, it is recommended to address the quality of life among these patients’ especially physical and psychological domains.

The Effect of a Selective Pilates Program on Functional Balance and Falling Risk in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease

Abstract: Background: Parkinsonism is a progressive disorder of the nervous system for which only symptomatic treatment exists Balance dysfunction and postural instability observed in persons with Parkinson’s disease are important components of the disability Objectives: To investigate the effect of a selective 8-week Pilates exercises on the functional balance and falling risk in patients with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease Methods: This randomized controlled trial included 30 patients with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease who were selected as subjects non-randomly and purposely, and assigned into exercise groups or control group Participants in exercise and control groups attended an 8-week Pilate’s program or walking program respectively Functional balance and falling risk was evaluated using Fullerton balance scale (FAB) and timed up and go test (TUG), before and after interventions In order to analyze the data paired samples T-test and independent samples T-test and SPSS version 22 were used Results: Attending an eight-week Pilates exercise was associated with a significant improvement in functional balance and falling risk (P = 0001), while the difference of the functional balance and falling risk, before and after performing the protocol, in control group was not significant (P = 0364) Also the difference between the results of functional balance and falling risk scale scores of two groups in post-test were significant (P = 0001) Conclusions: Given that Pilate’s exercises involve both musculoskeletal system and nervous system, can be an effective intervention to improving balance and reducing falling risk, especially in people with postural control disabilities

Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized by Using Extracts of Hedera helix

Abstract: Background: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are one of the most widely applicable particles whose application is increasing in Nano world daily. Silver nanoparticles have expressed significant advances owing to wide range of applications in the field of bio-medical, sensors, antimicrobials, catalysts, electronics, optical fibers, agricultural, bio-labeling and the other areas. Green synthesis is the safe and easiest method of producing silver nanoparticles. Because of the production of the silver ions, silver nanoparticles are found to have the antibacterial activity. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized by using extracts of Hedera helix against Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Methods: In this experimental study AgNPs were prepared by the reaction of 1mM silver nitrate and extracts of Hedera helix. Antibacterial activity of AgNPs was assessed by using disc diffusion method against Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The AgNPs were characterized by UV-visible (vis) spectrophotometer, particle size analyzer by dynamic light scattering (DLS) method, transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results: AgNPs obtained showed significantly higher antimicrobial activities against B. subtilis and K. pneumonia in comparison to both AgNO3 and raw plant extracts. Conclusions: Biological methods are a good competent for the chemical procedures, which are environment friendly and convenient.

The field practices of lambdacyhalothrin and deltamethrin insecticides against adult mosquitoes of anopheles stephensi as the main vector of malaria: residual effects

Abstract: Background: Various chemical control methods have adopted in anti-malaria interventions Indoor residual spraying (IRS) has been proven as a candidate in elimination program On the other hand, resistance to multiple insecticides was implicated as a concern issue in these polices Pesticides should be evaluated to identify probable resistant and make decision to choose a technique against vectors Methods: In this cross-sectional study, Bioassay test applied on lambdacyhalothrin WP 10% (005 mg ai /m2) and deltamethrin WP 5% (005 mg ai/m2) on two surfaces (cement and plaster) against adult mosquitoes of Anopheles stephensi according to WHO criteria to measure the residual activity in Saravan county, southern Iran Overall, 3960 mosquitoes was used in our research The mortality rates of Anstephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae) measured between selected surfaces and insecticides in several times Data analyzed by Mann-Whitney (nonparametric test) using SPSS v22 statistic software Results: This paper illustrated that maximal course of residual efficacy was about 3 months No statistically significant different was exhibited between type of surface within mortality rates of An Stephensi (P = 0724) but lambdacyhalothrin has more durability than deltamethrin Conclusions: We established that lambdacyhalothrin can be used into control and elimination setting of malaria with two rounds of spray at an interval of 3-4 months in south of Iran

Anti-Bacterial Effect of Propolis Extract in Oil Against Different Bacteria

Abstract: Background: Propolis is one of the most potent natural antibiotics. Propolis as an active natural substance is attractive due to its antimicrobial properties. Propolis has been used in folk medicine for centuries. It is known that propolis possesses anti- microbial, antioxidative, anti-ulcer and anti-tumor activities. Therefore, propolis has attracted much attention in recent years as a useful or potential substance used in medicine. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to verify the activity of an oily liquid extract of propolis that called propolis extract in oil against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Methods: In this experimental study antimicrobial activity of oily liquid extract of propolis called propolis extract in oil with different concentration of ethanol, methanol and dimethyl sulfoxide as diluents against different bacteria species. The duration of study set up was from Nov 2014 to Sep 2015. Chi-Square and Kappa methods, using Open Epi and Graph Pad Prism Software (Graph Pad, San Diego, California, USA). Graphs were plotted by Microsoft Excel software. Results: In the agar diffusion tests, using wells containing propolis suspension with methanol / dimethyl sulfoxide / ethanol per wells, the some of bacteria were most sensitive to the effect of propolis preparations. No growth inhibition zone was shown in the agar diffusion test with paper disks impregnate with methanol/ dimethyl sulfoxide suspension. Conclusions: The evaluation of the examination results showed that the effectiveness of the extract against bacteria may be explained by the fact that the effect of oily propolis was statistically significant by the introduction of methanol and dimethyl sulfoxide.

The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Group Therapy in Reducing Negative Automatic Thoughts and Dysfunctional Attitudes in Cancer Patients

Abstract: Background: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive group therapy (MBCT) in reducing negative automatic thoughts and dysfunctional attitudes in cancer patients. Methods: The study was an applied and quasi-experimental research conducted by pre- and post-testing. The sample consisted of 30 cancer patients selected by purposive sampling and randomly placed in the control and the experimental group (15 individuals per group). The members of both groups filled out the automatic thoughts questionnaire (ATQ) and the dysfunctional attitudes scale (DAS-26) at the pre- and the post-test stage. The collected data were analyzed by the SPSS software and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) tests. Results: The results indicated that MBCT significantly reduced negative automatic thoughts (F = 126.15, P < 0.01) and dysfunctional attitudes (F = 179.53, P < 0.01) in the experimental group at the post-test stage in comparison to the control group. Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, it is essential that therapeutic centers and support forums related to patients with refractory disorders use MBCT in their programs for reducing negative automatic thoughts and dysfunctional attitudes.

CTX-M-15 Type β-lactamases From Clinical Isolates of Escherichia coli by Polymerase Chain Reaction and DNA Sequencing

Abstract: Background: E. coli is a common cause of urinary tract infection and bacteremia in humans. That is frequently resistant to β-lactam antibiotics. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the antibiotic resistance and CTX-M extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) carrying E. coli isolated in hospitals from two different areas in Iran. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 93 clinical isolates of E. coli were collected from urine culture of inpatients in Mashhad and Qom hospitals from August 2013 to February 2014. Bacteria were re-confirmed by Microgen kit. Antimicrobial and ESBL tests were performed using by standard disc diffusion method. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for detection of plasmid mediated CTX-M-1 and CTX-M-2 ESBLs. Four of the blaCTX-Mgenes were sequenced. Statistical analysis carried out using SPSS (version 16) software and Chi-square test. Results: High prevalent isolates were resistant to ampicillin, cephalothin, nalidixic acid and cotrimoxazole, but sensitive to imipenem, nitrofurantoin and amikacin. The ESBL phenotype was detected in 48 (51.6%) isolates, 42 of which were carrying blaCTX-Mgene. There was no significant difference between the β-lactamase-producing bacteria from the two studied cities. 81% and 85% of blaCTX-Mcarriers from hospitals in Qom and Mashhad were respectively found to have CTX-M-1 ESBL, whereas none of them showed CTX-M-2 ESBL cluster. BlaCTX-M-15was found in four selected bacteria by sequencing. Conclusions: This study showed a high rate of CTX-M-1 cluster and also presence of CTX-M-15 ESBL in two different areas of Iran, which emphasize the need for employing an excellent management program in antibiotic therapy.

The frequency of bcr-abl1 fusion transcripts in iranian patients with three different types of leukemia

Abstract: Background: Different BCR-ABL fusion transcripts occur more or less frequently, in three different types of leukemia Objectives: This study was done to determine the frequencies of BCR-ABL fusion transcripts in leukemia patients from Iran. Methods: This experimental study was carried out from 2001 to 2015 in Pasteur Institute of Iran. The leukemia patients containing 348 chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), 72 acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and 34 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) were studied. Total RNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples and analyzed by multiplex RT-PCR in 486 leukemia patients to detect different types of BCR-ABL transcripts. Fisher’s exact test was used in comparing qualitative variables in the case control study. Associations with a P value < 0.05 were considered significant. Results: The BCR-ABL transcript frequencies for CML, ALL and AML patients were 92.0%, 12.5% and 14.7% respectively for all transcripts. The majority of CML patients with positive BCR-ABL expressed one of the p210BCR-ABL transcripts (86.6%) while the remaining showed other transcripts (p190BCR-ABL 25 (7.8%)) and p230BCR-ABL 2 (0.6%)). The rate of co-expression of the p190/p210 transcripts were 16 (5%). In other types of leukemia patients the rates of expression of those transcripts were different. Conclusions: For the first time, we reported co-expression of p210/p190 which may be caused by alternative splicing in Iranian patients. This study we showed no significant correlation between BCR-ABL1 variants, age, sex type, and WBC count of studied leukemia patients.

Scolicidal Effects of Gallic Acid, One of the Major Compounds of Plants, on Protoscolices of Hydatid Cyst

Abstract: Background: Today’s, the recurrent of hydatidosis remain as a concern in many surgeries. Exposure of a suitable effective scolicidal agent with protoscolex-rich fluid can prevent these complications. In recent studies more have been considered to importance of natural products particularly herbal medcines to evaluate their scolicidal effects. Gallic acid a type of organic acid is one of the main known effective biological phenolic substances of plants. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Gallic acid on protoscolices of hydatid cysts in in vitro. Methods: In this experimental study, the protoscolices were obtained from liver hydatid cysts of infected sheep. Gallic acid solution was used at the concentration of 25, 30 and 35 mg/mL for 1, 3, and 5 minutes. The live protoscolices were detected by 0.1% eosin dye. Data analysis was performed by SPSS version 11.5 and one-way ANOVA test. Results: The Gallic acid at the concentration of 25 mg/mL disabled 35.65%, 52.21% and 65.38% of protoscolices after 1, 3 and 5 min of faced time together, respectively. Also, the scolicidal rate of Gallic acid at concentration of 30 mg/mL was 29.92%, 63.80% and 67.76% after 1, 3 and 5 min, respectively. It was observed that concentration of 35 mg/mL Gallic acid on protoscolices caused 92.08% and 100% mortality rate of parasites after 1 and 3 minutes, respectively (compared with 9.9% in control groups). Conclusions: The findings of present study showed that Gallic acid as an effective constituent of some herbal scolicidal agent can be considered as responsible for killing of protoscolices. However, further studies will be needed to confirm this phytochemicals active component in animal models.

Comparison of Various Methods for Isolation of Nocardia from Soil

Abstract: Background: The genus Nocardia is Gram-positive, aerobic filamentous bacilli and saprophytic micro-organisms that can be isolated from freshwater, salt water, dust and decaying vegetation especially the soil. This study aimed to investigate the several media for to determine a suitable culture media with the ability to better for the isolation of Nocardia from soil. Methods: In this study, 400 soil samples were collected from different areas from Iran. The soil samples were then cultured on the four culture media such as Humic acid vitamin B agar, Paraffin agar, Sabouraud dextrose agar supplemented whit cycloheximide and carbon-free broth containing paraffin rods and incubated at 35°C. All of culture media investigated every 3 days for a month. Colonies suspicious to Nocardia were stained with Gram-stain, acid-fast and partially acid-fast and evaluated for resistance to lysozyme. Results: From 400 soil samples, the number of 62, 10, 28 and 19 strains of Nocardia were isolated by paraffin rods, Humic Acid Vitamin B agar, Paraffin agar and Sabouraud dextrose agar whit cycloheximide, respectively. Most Nocardia strains were isolated using paraffin bait technique. Conclusions: Isolation of Nocardia spp. is enhanced by using the paraffin baiting technique that relies on the selective ability of this micro-organism to metabolize paraffin.

The Extract of Lamium album and Urtica dioica Increase Serum Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Level in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

Abstract: Background: Diabetes mellitus is defined by hyperglycemia. Antidiabetic effects of Urtica dioica have been shown. Lamium album or nonstinging nettle is known to have useful impacts such as antioxidant and cytoprotective properties. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the serum concentration of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in diabetic rats given U. dioica and L. album extracts to distinguish any relationship between IGF-1 level and these plant extracts administration. Methods: In this experimental study, 32 male rats divided into four groups; normal, diabetic, diabetic treated with U. dioica (100 mg/kg/daily), diabetic treated with L. album (100 mg/kg/daily) for 28 days. Fasting blood sugar (FBS) and IGF-1 concentrations were measured. One way ANOVA followed by the Tukey post hoc test was used for comparison between groups. In each group, FBS level among different times was compared using repeated measure ANOVA. Analysis was done using SPSS software version 22. Results: FBS level significantly increased in diabetic rats compared with control rats (P < 0.0001) but L. album and U. dioica decreased this level (P < 0.0001). Serum IGF-1 in diabetic rats was significantly lower than normal control rats (P < 0.0001), however both L. album and U. dioica caused significant increase in serum IGF-1 in diabetic rats (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.03 respectively) Conclusions: L. album and U. dioica might increase the level of serum IGF-1 in diabetes; with regard to insulin like activity of IGF-1, this might be viewed as a further support of positive influence of these plant extracts on this disease.

Anti-Quorum Sensing and Antibacterial Activity of Rumex alveolatus

Abstract: Background: Infections caused by resistant bacteria are spreading so that efficacy of antibiotics in curing diseases has decreased. Therefore, many attempts are made to find new active compounds of plant origin as suitable substitutes. This research intended to identify active compounds with antibacterial and anti-quorum sensing activities of aqueous and methanol extracts of Rumex alveolatus against a number of bacteria. Methods: This empirical study was conducted against some of pathogenic bacteria. Using the Soxhlet method, extracts of R. alveolatus leaves and roots were prepared and antimicrobial effects of the extracts were evaluated by well diffusion method. Anti-quorum sensing activity of the methanol extract of R. alveolatus against pyocyanin production, proteases production and biofilm formation were also investigated. The active compounds in R. alveolatus were identified using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method. Results: The inhibition zone produced by the methanol leaves extract at 500 mg/mL against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and S. typhi were 22.8 ± 0.8, 10.7 ± 1.3, and 12.1 ± 1.0 mm, respectively. The MICs and MBCs of the methanol leaves and roots extracts of this plant for P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and S. typhi were similar, 125 and 250 mg/mL, respectively. The main phenolic compound obtained from R. alveolatus was 1, 2-benzenedicarboxylic acid (89.68%). The methanol leaves extract of R. alveolatus at 62.5 mg/mL prevented biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa and S. aureus and, when applied at 62.5 mg/mL, reduced pyocyanin production in P. aeruginosa by up to 66 percent. The aqueous extracts of R. alveolatus had not antibacterial and anti-quorum sensing activity. Conclusions: The methanol extracts of Rumex alveolatus had antibacterial and anti-quorum sensing activity.

Efficacy of Dialectical Behavior Therapy on Stress, Resilience and Coping Strategies in Irritable Bowel Syndrome Patients

Abstract: Background: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the most common gastrointestinal disorder that have considerable psychological features. Objectives: This research aimed to determine the efficacy of dialectical behavioral therapy on stress, resilience and coping strategies of IBS patients. Methods: The study was quasi-experimental that including two intervention and control groups. Fifty-two IBS patients who met this diagnosis- according the Rome III criteria- were selected and assigned to two experimental and control groups with 26 IBS patients in each group. The dialectical behavioral therapy-according to Moonshine s manual- was conducted in 8 weekly sessions in a gastroenterology clinic in Isfahan. The questionnaires of stress, resilience and coping strategies were completed as the pretest, post-test and follow-up. Data were analyzed with SPSS.20. Results: Results of multivariate analysis of variance showed that dialectical behavioral therapy had a significant effect in reduction of post-test mean scores of emotional coping strategies (P < 0. 05), and there was an acceptable effect size for all variables (except avoidance strategies). Conclusions: Dialectical behavioral therapy could be useful to improvement of psychological status of IBS patients, but it needs longer therapeutic period for more persistent effects.

Neuroprotective Effect of Matricaria chamomilla Extract on Motor Dysfunction Induced by Transient Global Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion in Rat

Abstract: Background: Stroke can cause paralysis, muscle weakness, and loss of balance that may affect walking and routine activities. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ethyl alcohol extract of Matricaria chamomilla on cerebral ischemia-induced motor dysfunctions in rats. Methods: In this experimental study, forty two male Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups consisting of control group, sham group, ischemia/reperfusion group and three treatment groups [treated with 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg doses of M. chamomilla extract and undergoing ischemia/reperfusion(I/R)]. Motor coordination and balance were evaluated using Rotarod test. Total antioxidant capacity, malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitric oxide (NO) levels of serum and brain were also determined. Results: The extract of M. chamomilla significantly improved I/R-induced motor dysfunction. Induction of I/R led to increase serum MDA, while the extract of M, chamomlla significantly reduced it. Administration all doses of M. chamomilla extract to the ischemic rats did not reduce the hippocampus MDA levels (P > 0.05). The extract of M. chamomilla at dose of 200 mg/kg slightly decreased cortex MDA (P > 0.01). It had no significant effects on the total antioxidant capacity of the brain (hippocampus and cortex) and serum. Injection of Matricaria chamomilla extract also did not change serum NO level. Conclusions: Our findings suggested that the Matricaria chamomilla extract could improve motor dysfunction.

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Among Acintobacter baumannii by E-Test Method at Khatam-Al-Anbia Hospital During 2013 - 2015

Abstract: Background: Nosocomial infections are one of the health problems of modern societies, which are rising with unusual organisms. Acintobacter, which is the main cause of nosocomial infections such as pneumonia and nosocomial pneumonia, is caused by mechanical ventilation. Acinetobacter species are becoming resistant to antibiotics. One the most important agent of nosocomial infections with high mortality is infections by Acinetobacter baumannii which is Gram- negative opportunistic Coccobacilli. Treatment in these infections is difficult and sometimes impossible, due to multidrug resistance in strains isolated from nosocomial infections. Objectives: The aim of the current study was to evaluate antibiotic resistance in A. baumannii isolates Khatam-Al-Anbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Methods: In this cross-sectional study 100 of Acintobacter baumannii were isolated from hospitalized patients during 2013-2015 in Khatam-Al-Anbia hospital in Tehran. In this study samples of A. baumannii isolated from trachea, blood, urine, sputum and wound samples of patients bedridden in Intensive care unit (ICU) wards. Antimicrobial susceptibility and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were determined by E-test methods. We used descriptive statistics to analyze the data by using SPSS 21 software. Results: A total of 100 A. baumannii were isolated from clinical samples. The organism was resistant to rifampicin (46%), gentamicin (67%), meropenem (100%), piperacilin (98%), colistin (0%), and ceftazidin (96%). Conclusions: The antibiotic resistance against most of the antibiotics especially meropenem is very high in this study. Moreover, colistin was most effective antibiotic to be used in A. baumannii infections. Colistin is the best choices for treatment of Acinetobacter.

Comparison of Preeclampsia Risk Factors Regarding to Severity with Control Group

Abstract: Background: Preeclampsia is a relatively common pregnancy disorder that originates in the placenta and causes variable maternal and fetal complications. Objectives: The aim of the study was to investigate risk factors of preeclampsia based on severity. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study which was conducted on 448 participants (330 normal pregnant, 77mild and 91severe preeclamptic women). Inclusion Criteria were age 15 - 44 years and 20 - 24 weeks of gestation. The data collection form consisted of the kind of pregnancy (normal, mild or sever preeclampsia), BP, U/A, other library tests, demo graphic information, history of obstetrics and diseases. The data were analyzed by ANOVA, POST HOC test (tukey HSD), Chi-square and logistic regression using SPSS version 16. Results: Finding showed the mean age in the severe preeclampsia group and the mean BMI in mild and severe preeclamptic women were significantly higher than normal group. Also there was significant relationship between preeclampsia and age, BMI, RH, history of abortion, preeclampsia and chronic hypertension. Logistic regression analysis showed that respectively the negative RH and history of preeclampsia increased the risk of severe preeclampsia. Conclusions: Based on results, chronic hypertension, history of abortion and BMI had been indicated as risk factors of mild preeclampsia and history of preeclampsia had been obtained as the risk factors of severe type. Also, negative RH was the common risk factor for mild and severe types. Therefore, our result support different risk factors for subtypes of preeclampsia.

Effect of Aging on Feasibility and Contribution of Joint Mechanisms in Balanced Standing Using Biomechanical Modeling

Abstract: Background: Reduced muscle strength due to aging may adversely affect the ability of the body in postural balance. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to numerically investigate the effects of aging on muscle recruitment patterns in keeping the balance during static standing posture. Methods: In this numerical study, a total of 4096 static postures were considered by changing in the angles of three lower limb joints i.e. ankle, knee and hip in two complete human musculoskeletal models of young and old body with 44 muscles in the leg. Inverse dynamics approach was used to find the muscle activation in all postures. The joint mechanisms were assessed by considering the ratio between related muscle activities to the total activation. Results: Results showed that the muscle efforts in both models were posture-dependent and the knee played a relieving role specifically for the aged model. The possible postures that the young person could provide balance was wider than the elders. Also, the aged model expended more effort in doing the same tasks. The muscles revealed distinct joint mechanisms in the young model in contrast to the elders which used higher but non-distinguishable joint mechanisms. Conclusions: Collaboration between the joint mechanisms was higher in the aged model but the young could more rely on individual mechanisms during static postural balance.

Side Effects of Transplant Immunosuppressive Therapy in Post Renal Transplant Recipients, Mazandaran, Northern Iran

Abstract: Background: Post-kidney transplant survival relies on patient adherence to the intake of immunosuppressive medication This study was performed to investigate complications associated with immunosuppressive therapy in renal transplantation Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 188 transplanted patients in Shahid Beheshti hospital of Babol in 2013 Check list and demographic questionnaire for data collecting were used Then the data using were analyzed in SPSS18 software by using chi-square test Results: A total of 188 transplanted patients, 115 (612%) was male and mean age was 129 ± 429 years 181 (963%) of the subjects had at least one complication The most common complication in 142 cases (755%) was “excessive hair growth” and after this complication “increased blood sugar” had higher frequency and 119 (633%) had this complication Severe form of gingival overgrowth in women was significantly that more than men (22 (301), 14 (122), P = 0004), and the other side effect was not significant difference between men and women or different age groups (P > 005) Conclusions: Finding show that nearly all transplanted recipients suffered from one complication which need to recognize, control and treatment It suggested that period visiting for early diagnosis and education to patient was recommend

Effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy on Premenstrual Syndrome Through Compliance to Treatment in an Iranian Sample

Abstract: Background: This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy on reducing the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome based on the moderator variable of therapy compliance in an Iranian sample. Methods: This was a semi-experimental study, in which 56 patients with premenstrual syndrome disorder were selected using the accessible sampling method. They were all the female patients who had been referred to the gynecologic and psychiatric centers in Isfahan city, and were randomly assigned into two experimental and control groups, each one comprising 28 patients. The experimental group received 10 sessions of cognitive-behavioral therapy. The patients were tested before and after intervention using the screening questionnaires of premenstrual syndrome symptoms. Additionally, subjects in both experimental and control groups were divided into two groups based on the rate of their therapy compliance (from high to low or noncompliant). Data was Analyzed using of covariance and Cohen’s size effect with SPSS-22. Results: The results showed that the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy on reducing the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome was statistically significant. Moreover, research findings have shown that the therapy was more effective on the compliant group. Conclusion: According to the results, cognitive behavior therapy can be suggested as an effective therapeutic approach in reducing the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome, especially for the patients who are complient.

Effects of Artemisia dracunculus Aqueous Extract on Blood Sugar, Serum Insulin, Triglyceride and Liver Enzymes in Fructose Drinking Water Male Rats

Abstract: Background: Artemisia are various groups of plants which are used as an herbal medicine in all countries; the present study was designed to evaluate the effects of Artemisia dracunculus (AD) leaves aqueous extract on blood sugar, serum insulin, and triglyceride and liver enzymes in Fructose Drinking water (FDW) male rats. Methods: At the beginning of experiment, 48 Wistar-albino male rats, weighing 200 - 250g were divided into control (C) and FDW groups (n = 24). FDW group received FDW (10%, w/v) for a month but control group did not receive any agents during the trial period. A half of control and FDW groups received AD L aqueous extract daily during trial period. At the end, animals were anesthetized, sacrificed and blood samples were collected from cervical vessels. Serum insulin, Blood glucose, insulin resistance index, triglyceride and liver enzymes were measured by ordinary methods. Obtained data were analyzed using SPSS-17 via one way ANOVA and Tukey tests. Results: Our results showed that serum insulin, blood sugar, insulin resistance index, triglyceride, Aspartate amino transferase (AST) and Alanine amino transferase (ALT) values in FDW group significantly increased compared to C and C + E groups but these values in group FDW + E were significantly decreases compared to group FDW (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Our findings demonstrated that AD L aqueous extract improves blood sugar, serum insulin, insulin resistance index and liver enzymes in rat model.

Prognostic Value of Cortisol in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke

Abstract: Background: Activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis has been shown in acute ischemic stroke. Some recent studies suggest that serum cortisol level may have prognostic value in patients with ischemic stroke. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of cortisol in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Methods: In this prospective observational study, 51 patients with acute ischemic stroke were evaluated. Cardioembolic and lacunar strokes were excluded. In the first 24 hours of admission, serum cortisol level, national institutes of health stroke scale (NIHSS), diabetes and hypertension were assessed to determine their value to predict mortality within 90 days. The results were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, chi-square test and logistic regression. Results: In this study, 26 patients (51%) were female and the rest were male. Serum cortisol level was normal in 37 patients (72.5%). 14 patients died (27.5%) during the follow-up period. The mean serum cortisol level of dead patients were 33.48 ± 15.14 μg/dL and for alive patients was 35.10 ± 19.74. This difference was not statistically significant. After statistical analysis using logistic regression, no significant correlation between serum cortisol level and mortality was seen. Conclusions: Although ischemic stroke is associated with change in serum cortisol level but this change has no prognostic value.

Effect of the Hydroalcoholic Extract of Winter Cherry Fruits ( Physalis alkekengi ) on Serum Lipid Profile and Paraoxonase Activity of Healthy Male Rats

Abstract: Background: Paraoxonase enzyme is attached to HDL and is involved in the maturation of this lipoprotein. This enzyme is activated by several antioxidants. These antioxidants exist in Winter cherry ( Physalis alkekengi). In fact, it contains a variety of antioxidants. Objectives: The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of a hydro-alcoholic extract of winter cherry fruits on serum lipid profile and paraoxanase1 (Pon1) activity in the rat. Methods: In this randomized experimental study, hydroalcoholic extract of Physalis alkekengi fruits was obtained by a percolation method. Four groups of male Sprague Dawley rats (260 +/- 5 g), each containing 7 animals, were housed separately and fed standard rat chow and water ad libitum. Experiments were performed for 28 days on each group. Group1 (control 1) received only the standard diet, with no hydroalcoholic extract. Group 2 (control 2) received 1mL of water by gavage in addition to the standard diet. Groups 3 (experiment 1) and 4 (experiment2) received, respectively, 200 and 400 mg /kg b.w. of the extract in 1 mL of water through gavage. At the end of the experimental period, animals were fasted overnight and lipid profile and paraoxonase activity were determined and compared statistically by one way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests, using SPSS version 11.5 Results: Triglyceride, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol were decreased dose dependently by the extract. HDL cholesterol and serum paraoxonase activities were increased significantly by Physalis extract. Conclusions: The hydroalcoholic extract of Physalis alkekengi, possibly through the presence of antioxidants, increases paraoxonase activity and this enzyme, in turn, augments the level of HDL in serum.

The Effect of Muscle Dysmorphia and Social Physique Anxiety on the Use of Supplements and Drugs

Abstract: Background: The use of dietary supplements and drugs to improve performance and physical appearance has recently increased among professional and recreational ‎athletes. Literature shows that bodybuilders, more than other athletes use supplements and drugs. Objectives: This study aims to predict the use of supplements and drugs by muscle dysmorphia and social physique anxiety variables among Hamedan bodybuilders. Methods: This cross-sectional investigation was conducted with 438 bodybuilders in Hamedan province. For collecting data, we used a demographic questionnaire, muscle dysmorphia scale, and social ‎physique anxiety scale. Results: The results showed that 79.2% of the subjects used supplements, and vitamins (22.1%) and protein powders (21.9%) had the highest rates of use among supplements. Moreover, 145 subjects (33.1%) used drugs, and steroid derivatives (16.2%) and peptide hormones and growth factors (12.6%) had the highest rates of use among drugs. The results of t-test showed that muscle dysmorphia and social physique anxiety were significantly higher in the subjects who used supplements and drugs than those who did not. Additionally, the results of logistic regression indicated that muscle dysmorphia and social physique anxiety can predict the likelihood of drug abuse. Conclusions: The present study provides novel findings of the effect of social physique anxiety and muscle ‎dysmorphia on nutritional supplement and drugs use among bodybuilders. ‎

Upright T Wave in Lead V1 as an Important Predictor of Significant Coronary Artery Disease in Patients with Chest Pain

Abstract: Background: Cardiovascular disease is a worldwide great burden on the health care syste early diagnosis and treatment of CAD can reduce the mortality and morbidity. We aimed to determine the association between upright T wave in lead V1 and coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients who presented with chest pain or positive non-invasive tests in emergency department. Methods: In this retrospective cross sectional design we reviewed the clinical and coronary angiography data of patients who had normal ECG. Presence of coronary artery disease was compared between patients with and without upright T waves in V1. Results: Data of 100 patients with upright T wave more than 1.5 mm in V1 was compared with 100 patients with completely normal ECG. Male patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) were dominant in upright T wave group. However, other traditional cardiovascular risk factors were not statistically different between groups. Based on the multivariate logistic regression model and after adjustment for confounding factors (i.e. gender, dyslipidemia and smoking), presence of upright T wave in the V1 and male gender were still associated with greater risk of coronary artery disease, Odds ratio 4.6 CI 95% (3.1 - 6.3) and 3.4 CI 95% (2.2 - 4.8), respectively. Conclusions: In patients with chest pain and unremarkable ECG, presence of upright T wave in lead V1, is an early diagnostic tool for CAD. Male patients with chest pain and upright T wave in lead V1 probably have significant CAD.

Comparison of the Immunomodulatory Properties of Root and Leaves of Arctium Lappa (Burdock) in Vitro

Abstract: Background: The roots and leaves of Arctium lappa (burdock) have been used for different therapeutic purposes, especially for diseases linked to chronic inflammation. Objectives: The present study was designed to evaluate and compare the immunomodulatory activities of root extract of burdock and leaves extract of burdock in vitro. Methods: In this experimental study, PHA- or LPS-stimulated splenocytes were treated with different concentrations of root or leaves extract of burdock and proliferation of splenocytes measured by MTT assay. The levels of IFN-γ and IL4 in the supernatants of PHA-stimulated splenocytes determined using ELISA. We also studied the effects of root and leaves extract of burdock on Nitric Oxide production by LPS-stimulated macrophages using the Griess reagent. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-test using GraphPad Prism software, version 5.0. Results: Our findings showed that both root and leaves extract of burdock have suppressive effects on LPS-stimulated splenocytes proliferation, IL-4 secretion from PHA-stimulated splenocytes, and NO production from LPS-stimulated macrophage and stimulatory effects on PHA-stimulated splenocytes proliferation, and IFN-γ secretion from PHA-stimulated splenocytes. Although both root and leaves extract of burdock had similar immunomodulatory effects in vitro, stronger immunomodulatory effects seen in root extract of burdock. Conclusions: According to our results, we suggest that root of burdock is better option than leaves of burdock in modulation immune responses and inflammations.

Frequency and Clinical Manifestations of Scabies in Suspected Patients Referred to Health Centers of Kashan, Central Iran (2010 - 2014)

Abstract: Background: Scabies is one of the most common itching contagious skin disorder in the world. The agent of disease is Sarcoptes scabiei. Objectives: This study was conducted to determine the frequency and clinical manifestations of S. scabies in suspected patients referred to health centers of Kashan during 2010 - 2014. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 129 patients suspected to Sarcoptes scabiei. The demographic and clinical symptoms for each of patients were recorded in questionnaire by interview. A deep skin scrap was prepared and wet smear were prepared using 10% KOH. By observation of each form of Sarcoptes was identified as positive sample. The data were recorded in Spss. ver 16.5 and analyzed by X2 and fisher exact tests. Results: The results of this study showed that 28 (21.7 %) were Sarcoptes positive. The frequency of sarcoptes was higher in males (23%) than females (20.6%). The difference was not statistically significant. The most cases were isolated in spring and winter. Sarcoptes infestation was the most in elderly and patients undergone dialysis. There is significant difference between disease and age group and underlying disease (P = 0.03, P = 0.014; respectively). Erosion or pustule was the most clinical signs in positive cases. Conclusions: The results of study showed that the rate of scabies infestation in Kashan is relatively high, and the most cases were in elderly patients. Health education to increase awareness of the families for prevention of scabies was recommended.

Epidemiological Feature of the Human Brucellosis Prevalence in People in Southern Cities of Khorasan Razavi, Iran

Abstract: Background: Brucellosis is one of the most important zoonoses in humans. Objectives: The purpose of our study was to identify factors affecting the incidence of brucellosis in human society and proposing a plan to reduce the burden of disease. Methods: This cross-sectional study collected necessary information of patients admitted to government and private doctors’ clinics, specialist clinics, hospitals, health centers, and health houses. A questionnaire was designed in accordance with the standards of WHO. For data analysis, t-test and non-parametric analysis was performed using the SPSS 20 software and descriptive statistics. Results: A total of 438 cases of brucellosis were reported in 5 years. 60.4% of the patients were from Brajestan city and 39.6% were from Gonabad city. There was a significant difference between age and sex of the patients (P = 0.000). The most incidences of this disease were in patients who were over 50 years old (30%) and the least incidences were in the 31 - 40-ages group (12.3%). Housekeepers (35.3%), farming ranchers (24.2%), students (16.8%), and ranchers (6.6%), respectively, exhibited the most incidences. Conclusions: Based on the results, in order to prevent Brucellosis it’s necessary to educate public, specifically rural, well to promote the use of pasteurized milk products. Keywords: Brucellosis; Livestock; Human; Epidemiology; Disease control