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Book ChapterDOI

1 – Introduction and Overview

TL;DR: The United States Clean Air Act of 1970 (Clean Air Act) raised unprecedented implementation challenges for governments and affected industries as discussed by the authors, and the adaptive administrative and technological responses leading to the current framework for air pollution control policy.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter introduces the adaptive administrative and technological responses leading to the current framework for air pollution control policy. The United States Clean Air Act of 1970 (Clean Air Act) raised unprecedented implementation challenges for governments and affected industries. Nationally, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) established health-based quality standards and directed states to implement control plans subject to federal certification. States responded with program initiatives to attain these levels within designated time frames. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1970 and 1990, continues to reframe relationships among governments and industries. It assigns a federal role to develop ambient air quality standards with authority to guide, certify, and sanction state implementation programs. They have primary responsibilities for regulating emissions to meet their implementation plan goals. States may develop stricter standards provided that they can be supported by health impact research. State programs have comparably expanded their primary implementation roles to meet National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). State implementation plans (SIPs) are revised continually to ensure ongoing abatement in nonattainment areas and sustaining air quality in areas that meet current criteria. In addition to the health-based quality standards for ambient air quality, the EPA has established rules designating acceptable technologies and practices for facilities that emit toxic air pollutants. These directives are formulated in conjunction with representatives for impacted source emitters.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the hybrid model REMIND-R and its application in a climate policy context based on the EU target to avoid a warming of the Earth's atmosphere by more than 2°C compared to the pre-industrial level.
Abstract: Within this paper, we present the novel hybrid model REMIND-R and its application in a climate policy context based on the EU target to avoid a warming of the Earth’s atmosphere by more than 2°C compared to the pre-industrial level. This paper aims to identify necessary long-term changes in the energy system and the magnitude of costs to attain such a climate protection target under different designs of the post-2012 climate policy regime. The regional specification of mitigation costs is analyzed in the context of globalization where regions are linked by global markets for emission permits, goods, and several resources. From simulation experiments with REMIND-R, it turns out that quite different strategies of restructuring the energy system are pursued by the regions. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the variance of mitigation costs is higher across regions than across policy regimes. First-order impacts, in particular, reduced rents from trade in fossil resources, prevail regardless of the design of the policy regime.

186 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that 'typical' naming treatments can be effective for some bilingual people with aphasia, with both L1 and L2 benefiting and evidence of cross-linguistic generalisation is offered.
Abstract: Background: The majority of the world's population is bilingual. Yet, therapy studies involving bilingual people with aphasia are rare and have produced conflicting results. One recent study suggested that therapy can assist word retrieval in bilingual aphasia, with effects generalising to related words in the untreated language. However, this cross-linguistic generalisation only occurred into the person's stronger language (L1). While indicative, these findings were derived from just three participants, and only one received therapy in both languages. Aims: This study addressed the following questions. Do bilingual people with aphasia respond to naming therapy techniques developed for the monolingual population? Do languages respond differently to therapy and, if so, are gains influenced by language dominance? Does cross-linguistic generalisation occur and does this depend on the therapy approach? Is cross-linguistic generalisation more likely following treatment in L2 or L1? Methods & Procedures: The study involved five aphasic participants who were bilingual in English and Bengali. Testing showed that their severity and dominance patterns varied, so the study adopted a case series rather than a group design. Each person received two phases of naming therapy, one in Bengali and one in English. Each phase treated two groups of words with semantic and phonological tasks, respectively. The effects of therapy were measured with a picture-naming task involving both treated and untreated (control) items. This was administered in both languages on four occasions: two pre-therapy, one immediately post-therapy and one 4 weeks after therapy had ceased. Testing and therapy in Bengali was administered by bilingual co-workers. Outcomes & Results: Four of the five participants made significant gains from at least one episode of therapy. Benefits arose in both languages and from both semantic and phonological tasks. There were three instances of cross-linguistic generalisation, which occurred when items had been treated in the person's dominant language using semantic tasks. Conclusions & Implications: This study suggests that ‘typical’ naming treatments can be effective for some bilingual people with aphasia, with both L1 and L2 benefiting. It offers evidence of cross-linguistic generalisation, and suggests that this is most likely to arise from semantic therapy approaches. In contrast to some results in the academic literature, the direction of generalisation was from LI to L2. The theoretical implications of these findings are considered. Finally, the results support the use of bilingual co-workers in therapy delivery.

46 citations


Cites background from "1 – Introduction and Overview"

  • ...Rather it is the norm for at least half the world’s population (de Groot and Kroll 1997)....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an empirical framework that distinguishes between voluntary and involuntary compliance with fiscal deficit targets on the basis of economic, institutional and political factors is proposed, applied to Spain's Autonomous Communities (regions) over the period 2002-2015.
Abstract: This paper proposes an empirical framework that distinguishes between voluntary and involuntary compliance with fiscal deficit targets on the basis of economic, institutional and political factors. The framework is applied to Spain’s Autonomous Communities (regions) over the period 2002-2015. Fiscal non-compliance among Spain’s regions has proven persistent. It increases with the size of growth forecasting errors and the extent to which fiscal targets are tightened, factors not fully under the control of regional governments. Non-compliance also tends to increase during election years, when vertical fiscal imbalances become accentuated, and market financing costs subside. Strong fiscal rules have not shown any significant impact on containing fiscal noncompliance. Reducing fiscal non-compliance in multi-level governance systems such as Spain’s requires a comprehensive assessment of inter-governmental fiscal arrangements that looks beyond rules-based frameworks by ensuring enforcement procedures are politically credible.

43 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, Wang et al. applied three commonly used distance functions to China's provincial data from 2001 to 2010 to estimate the marginal cost of carbon mitigation in China using distance function approaches; however, empirical estimates vary widely in magnitude and variation.
Abstract: There is an emerging literature estimating the marginal cost of carbon mitigation in China using distance function approaches; however, empirical estimates vary widely in magnitude and variation, which undermines support for policies to curb carbon emission. Applying three commonly used distance functions to China's provincial data from 2001 to 2010, we show that the variability can be partially explained by the difference in the input/output coverage and whether the estimated marginal abatement cost (MAC) is conditional on the abatement of other correlated pollutants. We also argue that the substantial heterogeneity in abatement cost estimates could be related to an economic interpretation that radial measures reflect the short-run MACs while non-radial measures reflect the long run MACs. Our mean short-run MAC for carbon is 20 US$ per tonne, an amount that is very close to the carbon prices observed in China's recently launched pilot markets.

39 citations


Cites background from "1 – Introduction and Overview"

  • ...The literature on the mitigation costs of greenhouse gases (GHG) has been extensively reviewed (Repetto and Austin, 1997; Weyant and Hill, 1999; Lasky, 2003; Fischer and Morgenstern, 2005; Kuik et al., 2009)....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Turn taking is observed in many field and laboratory settings captured by various widely studied 2 × 2 games, including the battle of the sexes, the game of chicken, and a particular version of the prisoners' dilemma as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Turn taking is observed in many field and laboratory settings captured by various widely studied 2 ×2 games. This article develops a repeated game model that allows us to systematically investigate turn-taking behavior in many 2 × 2 games, including the battle of the sexes, the game of chicken, the game of common-pool- resources assignment, and a particular version of the prisoners' dilemma. We consider the"turntakingwithindependent randomizations"(TTIR)strategythatachievesthree objectives:(a)helpingtheplayersreachtheturn-takingpath,(b)resolvingthequestion of who takes the good turn first, and (c) deterring defection. We determine conditions under which there exists a unique TTIR strategy profile that can be supported as a subgame-perfect equilibrium. We also show that there exist conditions under which an increase in the "degree of conflict" of the stage game leads to a decrease in the expected number of periods in reaching the turn-taking path.

36 citations


Cites background from "1 – Introduction and Overview"

  • ...(B5) From (6), (7), (B3) and (B5), we have V H + V L 2 −Vi (p, p) = n 1− δ h p2 + (1− p)2 io ³ V H+V L 2 ´ − h U (p) + δp (1− p) ³ V H + V L ´i 1− δ h p2 + (1− p)2 i = {1− δ [1− 2p (1− p)]} ³ V H+V L 2 ´ − h U (p) + δp (1− p) ³ V H + V L ´i 1− δ h p2 + (1− p)2 i = (1− δ) ³ VH+V L 2 ´ + 2δp (1− p) ³ VH+V L 2 ´ − h U (p) + δp (1− p) ³ V H + V L ´i 1− δ h p2 + (1− p)2 i = h+l 2 − U (p) 1− δ h p2 + (1− p)2 i > 0....

    [...]

  • ...Therefore, whether a in (15) is positive or negative, pj in (A4) does not lie in the interval (0, 1)....

    [...]

  • ...Moreover, the TTIR equilibrium is symmetric, with each player’s equilibrium randomization probability given by (13) if a = 0 in (15) or by (14) if a 6= 0 in (15)....

    [...]

  • ...19 From (15) to (17), we know that c > 0 but that a and b can be either positive, negative or zero....

    [...]

  • ...20 From standard results for quadratic equations, we 19A common approach to show the uniqueness of equilibrium is to use the Contraction Mapping Theorem....

    [...]

References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the hybrid model REMIND-R and its application in a climate policy context based on the EU target to avoid a warming of the Earth's atmosphere by more than 2°C compared to the pre-industrial level.
Abstract: Within this paper, we present the novel hybrid model REMIND-R and its application in a climate policy context based on the EU target to avoid a warming of the Earth’s atmosphere by more than 2°C compared to the pre-industrial level. This paper aims to identify necessary long-term changes in the energy system and the magnitude of costs to attain such a climate protection target under different designs of the post-2012 climate policy regime. The regional specification of mitigation costs is analyzed in the context of globalization where regions are linked by global markets for emission permits, goods, and several resources. From simulation experiments with REMIND-R, it turns out that quite different strategies of restructuring the energy system are pursued by the regions. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the variance of mitigation costs is higher across regions than across policy regimes. First-order impacts, in particular, reduced rents from trade in fossil resources, prevail regardless of the design of the policy regime.

186 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that 'typical' naming treatments can be effective for some bilingual people with aphasia, with both L1 and L2 benefiting and evidence of cross-linguistic generalisation is offered.
Abstract: Background: The majority of the world's population is bilingual. Yet, therapy studies involving bilingual people with aphasia are rare and have produced conflicting results. One recent study suggested that therapy can assist word retrieval in bilingual aphasia, with effects generalising to related words in the untreated language. However, this cross-linguistic generalisation only occurred into the person's stronger language (L1). While indicative, these findings were derived from just three participants, and only one received therapy in both languages. Aims: This study addressed the following questions. Do bilingual people with aphasia respond to naming therapy techniques developed for the monolingual population? Do languages respond differently to therapy and, if so, are gains influenced by language dominance? Does cross-linguistic generalisation occur and does this depend on the therapy approach? Is cross-linguistic generalisation more likely following treatment in L2 or L1? Methods & Procedures: The study involved five aphasic participants who were bilingual in English and Bengali. Testing showed that their severity and dominance patterns varied, so the study adopted a case series rather than a group design. Each person received two phases of naming therapy, one in Bengali and one in English. Each phase treated two groups of words with semantic and phonological tasks, respectively. The effects of therapy were measured with a picture-naming task involving both treated and untreated (control) items. This was administered in both languages on four occasions: two pre-therapy, one immediately post-therapy and one 4 weeks after therapy had ceased. Testing and therapy in Bengali was administered by bilingual co-workers. Outcomes & Results: Four of the five participants made significant gains from at least one episode of therapy. Benefits arose in both languages and from both semantic and phonological tasks. There were three instances of cross-linguistic generalisation, which occurred when items had been treated in the person's dominant language using semantic tasks. Conclusions & Implications: This study suggests that ‘typical’ naming treatments can be effective for some bilingual people with aphasia, with both L1 and L2 benefiting. It offers evidence of cross-linguistic generalisation, and suggests that this is most likely to arise from semantic therapy approaches. In contrast to some results in the academic literature, the direction of generalisation was from LI to L2. The theoretical implications of these findings are considered. Finally, the results support the use of bilingual co-workers in therapy delivery.

46 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an empirical framework that distinguishes between voluntary and involuntary compliance with fiscal deficit targets on the basis of economic, institutional and political factors is proposed, applied to Spain's Autonomous Communities (regions) over the period 2002-2015.
Abstract: This paper proposes an empirical framework that distinguishes between voluntary and involuntary compliance with fiscal deficit targets on the basis of economic, institutional and political factors. The framework is applied to Spain’s Autonomous Communities (regions) over the period 2002-2015. Fiscal non-compliance among Spain’s regions has proven persistent. It increases with the size of growth forecasting errors and the extent to which fiscal targets are tightened, factors not fully under the control of regional governments. Non-compliance also tends to increase during election years, when vertical fiscal imbalances become accentuated, and market financing costs subside. Strong fiscal rules have not shown any significant impact on containing fiscal noncompliance. Reducing fiscal non-compliance in multi-level governance systems such as Spain’s requires a comprehensive assessment of inter-governmental fiscal arrangements that looks beyond rules-based frameworks by ensuring enforcement procedures are politically credible.

43 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, Wang et al. applied three commonly used distance functions to China's provincial data from 2001 to 2010 to estimate the marginal cost of carbon mitigation in China using distance function approaches; however, empirical estimates vary widely in magnitude and variation.
Abstract: There is an emerging literature estimating the marginal cost of carbon mitigation in China using distance function approaches; however, empirical estimates vary widely in magnitude and variation, which undermines support for policies to curb carbon emission. Applying three commonly used distance functions to China's provincial data from 2001 to 2010, we show that the variability can be partially explained by the difference in the input/output coverage and whether the estimated marginal abatement cost (MAC) is conditional on the abatement of other correlated pollutants. We also argue that the substantial heterogeneity in abatement cost estimates could be related to an economic interpretation that radial measures reflect the short-run MACs while non-radial measures reflect the long run MACs. Our mean short-run MAC for carbon is 20 US$ per tonne, an amount that is very close to the carbon prices observed in China's recently launched pilot markets.

39 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Turn taking is observed in many field and laboratory settings captured by various widely studied 2 × 2 games, including the battle of the sexes, the game of chicken, and a particular version of the prisoners' dilemma as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Turn taking is observed in many field and laboratory settings captured by various widely studied 2 ×2 games. This article develops a repeated game model that allows us to systematically investigate turn-taking behavior in many 2 × 2 games, including the battle of the sexes, the game of chicken, the game of common-pool- resources assignment, and a particular version of the prisoners' dilemma. We consider the"turntakingwithindependent randomizations"(TTIR)strategythatachievesthree objectives:(a)helpingtheplayersreachtheturn-takingpath,(b)resolvingthequestion of who takes the good turn first, and (c) deterring defection. We determine conditions under which there exists a unique TTIR strategy profile that can be supported as a subgame-perfect equilibrium. We also show that there exist conditions under which an increase in the "degree of conflict" of the stage game leads to a decrease in the expected number of periods in reaching the turn-taking path.

36 citations