1DV bottom boundary layer modeling under combined wave and current: turbulent separation and phase lag effects
Summary (2 min read)
1. Introduction
- In coastal zones, the suspension associated to waves and currents in the bottom boundary layer can have an impact on both human activities and ecological equilibrium.
- Moreover suspension can also affect directly the life cycle of some species and hence play a role in their population dynamics.
- Similarly, when using the Wilcox [1992] transitional k-w turbulence model, that includes low-Reynolds-number effect, the eddy viscosity time series for oscillating boundary layers do not present any peak. [9].
- Even though such a sophisticated model is beyond the scope of this paper, it is clear that the strong turbulence activity which takes place during the decelerating phases of the cycle should be taken into account since it contributes to put more sediment in suspension.
2.1. Basic Formulation
- The basis of the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (R.A.N.S.) model the authors use to compute the turbulent bottom boundary layer under an oscillatory flow (with or without current) is the transitional k-w model devised by Wilcox [1992] in its 1DV formulation.
- In addition, turbulence damping by stratification is introduced into the original Wilcox formulation through coupling terms between turbulence and the density field r(z, t) = r0 + C(z, t)(rs r0) resulting from the sediment suspension (r0 is the fluid density, rs is the sediment density and C(z, t) is the sediment concentration per volume).
- The coupling terms are similar to those introduced by Lewellen [1977] in a k-L model.
- Hence, Wilcox [1992] proposed values for RK = 6, Rb = 8 and s = s* = 0.5 that give the best agreement both with experiments and direct numerical simulations of steady boundary layers with and without adverse or favorable pressure gradient.
2.2. Modeling of Turbulent Separation Under the Effect of an Adverse Pressure Gradient
- The authors now discuss the modeling of turbulence separation near flow reversal.
- Hence, the authors suggest to model this wall friction enhancement before flow separation under the effect of the adverse pressure gradient for fully developed turbulence and rough walls only, as follows. [14].
- Hence, to define the adverse pressure gradient in oscillatory flow, the authors should compare the pressure gradient action to the near-wall velocity.
- In contrast, a 0.1 phase resolution is required to obtain converged computations with the separation condition. [17].
- On Figure 2b, the authors show the computations with bsep = 20 for wvortex ranging from 30 to 3000 (usual values for wwall for this flow condition is 104).
3. Pure Oscillatory Flow Over a Smooth Bottom
- Velocity , Reynolds stress and turbulent kinetic energy vertical profiles through the boundary layer at different phases during half oscillation are also plotted.
- On Figure 6, the nondimensional bottom shear stress time series (bottom shear stress time series divided by the maximum bottom shear stress) computed using the original Wilcox model and the new one are plotted.
- To compare the theoretical predictions with the experimental data, this figure should be compared to Figure 9 of Jensen et al.
- It is then clear that in the original Wilcox model, the laminar-turbulent transition develops much quicker for Re larger than 3.3 104, whereas the new model with modified value for RK and Rb gives results closer to the measurements.
4. Oscillatory Flow Plus Current Over a
- The k-W Model Versus Tunnel Experiments 4.1. Dohmen-Janssen [1999] ClearWater Experiments [27], also known as Rough Bottom.
- In addition, the authors think the values they suggest for wwall and bsep to model secondary humps at the end of the decelerating phase will give physical and realistic results for usual field conditions since experiments G4 and G5 correspond to drastic field conditions.
- Nevertheless, concentration peaks are also observed in time series measured using optical conductivity probes further from the bottom.
- A significant discrepancy still remains between the predicted and the measured values.
- The model predictions can be improved at all levels by taking into account the intergranular forces in the ‘‘sheet flow’’ layer (highly concentrated bottom layer).
5. Conclusions
- A new transitional k-w model has been devised introducing a turbulent separation condition under adverse pressure gradient and modifying the diffusion and transition constants of the Wilcox [1992] original k-w transitional model.
- The authors are thus able to reproduce the wall shear stress sharp increase, which takes place at transition in good agreement with Jensen et al. data.
- The change of the diffusion constants improves also the description of the vertical distribution of both velocity and Reynolds stress compared to the original transitional Wilcox [1992] model.
- This feature has never been reproduced in standard R.A.N.S. models.
- This work was funded by the EC through a MAST-III project SEDMOC (contract MAS3-CT97-0115).
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Cites background or methods from "1DV bottom boundary layer modeling ..."
...(ii) The effects of high sediment concentration on flow turbulence are not modelled [17, 39, 53] or turbulence suppression is modelled in a simple way by adding a buoyancy term in the kinetic energy equation [36, 54, 55]....
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...[54] using a k–ω model and by Holmedal et al....
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...[54] propose a new transitional k–ω model to capture the concentration peaks observed to occur near flow reversal (Section 2....
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97 citations
89 citations
Cites methods or result from "1DV bottom boundary layer modeling ..."
...It is well-known that the original k− model has been derived for high Reynolds number flows and is not very accurate to describe transitional flows such as the situation of the flow reversal in a wave boundary layer (Guizien et al., 2003). For this situation and for near-wall treatment, the k−ω model is more suitable and more stable than the k− model (Guizien et al., 2003). Another physical situation in which a k−ω model works better than a k− model is in the presence of an adverse pressure gradient such as the downward facing step or at the upstream side of an obstacle (Menter, 1994; Wilcox, 2008). In order to test the influence of the turbulence model, a two-phase k−ω model is introduced in the present contribution, which is very similar to those of Jha and Bombardelli (2009) and Amoudry (2014)....
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...It is well-known that the original k− model has been derived for high Reynolds number flows and is not very accurate to describe transitional flows such as the situation of the flow reversal in a wave boundary layer (Guizien et al., 2003). For this situation and for near-wall treatment, the k−ω model is more suitable and more stable than the k− model (Guizien et al., 2003). Another physical situation in which a k−ω model works better than a k− model is in the presence of an adverse pressure gradient such as the downward facing step or at the upstream side of an obstacle (Menter, 1994; Wilcox, 2008). In order to test the influence of the turbulence model, a two-phase k−ω model is introduced in the present contribution, which is very similar to those of Jha and Bombardelli (2009) and Amoudry (2014). The turbulent eddy viscosity ν t is calculated as...
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83 citations
Additional excerpts
...All these features are typical of oscillatory wave-current boundary layers and have been observed in clear fluids both experimentally [e.g., Jensen et al., 1989] and numerically [e.g., Guizien et al., 2003 ]....
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References
2,204 citations
"1DV bottom boundary layer modeling ..." refers background or methods in this paper
...…that enables to reproduce secondary peaks on the concentration time series with a standard (without low-Reynolds-number effects) kmodel [Rodi, 1980] in a one-dimensional vertical (1DV) fully rough turbulent oscillating boundary layer model, taking advantage of a narrow diffusivity peak…...
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...[8] Savioli and Justesen [1996] proposed a modified condition for the reference concentration that enables to reproduce secondary peaks on the concentration time series with a standard (without low-Reynolds-number effects) kmodel [Rodi, 1980] in a one-dimensional vertical (1DV) fully rough turbulent oscillating boundary layer model, Figure 1....
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1,322 citations
"1DV bottom boundary layer modeling ..." refers methods or result in this paper
..., Chien [1982] model, used by Thais et al. [1999]), the peak in the eddy viscosity time series for an oscillating boundary layer vanishes (L....
[...]
..., Chien [1982] model, used by Thais et al. [1999]), the peak in the eddy viscosity time series for an oscillating boundary layer vanishes (L. Thais, personal communication, 1999). Similarly, when using the Wilcox [1992] transitional k-w turbulence model, that includes low-Reynolds-number effect, the eddy viscosity time series for oscillating boundary layers do not present any peak. [9] Recently, clear water experiments by Dohmen-Janssen [1999] shed a new light on this question....
[...]
..., Chien [1982] model, used by Thais et al. [1999]), the peak in the eddy viscosity time series for an oscillating boundary layer vanishes (L. Thais, personal communication, 1999). Similarly, when using the Wilcox [1992] transitional k-w turbulence model, that includes low-Reynolds-number effect, the eddy viscosity time series for oscillating boundary layers do not present any peak. [9] Recently, clear water experiments by Dohmen-Janssen [1999] shed a new light on this question. During these experiments, stronger turbulent activity was detected in the Reynolds stress time series close to the wall in the decelerating part of the wave cycle. This turbulence enhancement occurs at phases when the concentration secondary peaks are observed for the same hydrodynamical conditions. It should be outlined that fluctuations similar to the ones measured by Dohmen-Janssen were observed by Sleath [1987]. He also measured a 180 phase shift of the phase of the Reynolds stress maximum at a certain height from the bed and explained it by assuming the existence of jets of...
[...]
..., Chien [1982] model, used by Thais et al. [1999]), the peak in the eddy viscosity time series for an oscillating boundary layer vanishes (L. Thais, personal communication, 1999). Similarly, when using the Wilcox [1992] transitional k-w turbulence model, that includes low-Reynolds-number effect, the eddy viscosity time series for oscillating boundary layers do not present any peak....
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...should be recognized that the Chien low-Reynolds-number model used by Thais et al. [1999] performs also very well in comparison with this data set....
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936 citations
"1DV bottom boundary layer modeling ..." refers background in this paper
...A criterion for the wall shear stress enhancement before turbulent separation under adverse pressure gradient can be found by extending to oscillatory flows the definition of the equilibrium parameter (8) first defined by Clauser [1954] for steady flows:...
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657 citations
558 citations