25th anniversary article: Bulk heterojunction solar cells: understanding the mechanism of operation.
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...b, The operating mechanism of OPVs: (1) absorption of photons and creation of excitons; (2) diffusion of excitons to D/A interfaces; (3) dissociation of excitons to free charge carriers (holes and electrons) at D/A interfaces; (4) transportation of the charge carriers to electrodes; (5) extraction of the charge carriers at the electrodes....
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...7 V); and (3) Δ V3 (Δ VOC, nr) is due to the non-radiative recombination—this loss in organic solar cells (approximately 0....
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...(3) Setting up the relationships between the molecular structures of NFAs and small VOC loss....
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...1b: (1) absorption of photons and creation of excitons; (2) diffusion of excitons to D/A interfaces; (3) dissociation of excitons to free charge carriers (holes and electrons) at D/A interfaces; (4) transportation of the charge carriers to electrodes; and (5) extraction of the charge carriers at electrodes....
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...Considering the advantages of NFAs compared with fullerene acceptors, the combination of NFAs and the tandem concept shows great potential for very high performance OPVs: (1) NFAs have easily tunable bandgaps that can broaden the absorption in the NIR region for the rear cell or narrow the absorption to the blue region for the front cell; (2) small VOC loss of NFA sub-cells guarantees small VOC loss of tandem NFA solar cells; (3) the improved thermal stability of the NFA sub-cell is potentially advantageous for maintaining the performance of the front cell, which is usually challenging as a result of the unavoidable thermal treatments of the ICL....
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