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Proceedings Article•DOI•

28 GHz propagation measurements for outdoor cellular communications using steerable beam antennas in New York city

Yaniv Azar1, George N. Wong1, Kevin H. Wang1, Rimma Mayzus1, Jocelyn K. Schulz1, Hang Zhao1, Felix Gutierrez1, Duckdong Hwang1, Theodore S. Rappaport1 •
New York University1
09 Jun 2013-pp 5143-5147
TL;DR: The world's first empirical measurements for 28 GHz outdoor cellular propagation in New York City are presented, suggesting that millimeter wave mobile communication systems with electrically steerable antennas could exploit resolvable multipath components to create viable links for cell sizes on the order of 200 m.
Abstract: The millimeter wave frequency spectrum offers unprecedented bandwidths for future broadband cellular networks. This paper presents the world's first empirical measurements for 28 GHz outdoor cellular propagation in New York City. Measurements were made in Manhattan for three different base station locations and 75 receiver locations over distances up to 500 meters. A 400 megachip-per-second channel sounder and directional horn antennas were used to measure propagation characteristics for future mm-wave cellular systems in urban environments. This paper presents measured path loss as a function of the transmitter - receiver separation distance, the angular distribution of received power using directional 24.5 dBi antennas, and power delay profiles observed in New York City. The measured data show that a large number of resolvable multipath components exist in both non line of sight and line of sight environments, with observed multipath excess delay spreads (20 dB) as great as 1388.4 ns and 753.5 ns, respectively. The widely diverse spatial channels observed at any particular location suggest that millimeter wave mobile communication systems with electrically steerable antennas could exploit resolvable multipath components to create viable links for cell sizes on the order of 200 m.
Citations
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Journal Article•DOI•
Millimeter Wave Mobile Communications for 5G Cellular: It Will Work!

[...]

Theodore S. Rappaport1, Shu Sun1, Rimma Mayzus1, Hang Zhao1, Yaniv Azar1, Kevin H. Wang1, George N. Wong1, Jocelyn K. Schulz1, Mathew K. Samimi1, Felix Gutierrez1 •
New York University1
10 May 2013-IEEE Access
TL;DR: The motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements are presented and a variety of measurement results are offered that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
Abstract: The global bandwidth shortage facing wireless carriers has motivated the exploration of the underutilized millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks. There is, however, little knowledge about cellular mm-wave propagation in densely populated indoor and outdoor environments. Obtaining this information is vital for the design and operation of future fifth generation cellular networks that use the mm-wave spectrum. In this paper, we present the motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements and offer a variety of measurement results that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.

6,708 citations

Cites background from "28 GHz propagation measurements for..."

  • ...The variation of RMS delay spread versus path loss in NLOS for all TX-RX location combinations at 28 GHz in NewYork City is displayed in Fig....

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  • ...The RX was positioned in a number of LOS, partially obstructed LOS, and NLOS locations representative of an outdoor urban environment including foliage, high-rise buildings, and pedestrian and vehicular traffic....

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  • ...As a comparison, the average and maximum RMS delay spread in NLOS cases obtained from 38 GHz cellular measurements in Austin, Texas are 12.2 ns and 117 ns, respectively (see Fig....

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  • ...The values in the legend represent the PLE of each environment (LOS and NLOS) [31]....

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  • ...Compared to measurements in Manhattan at 28 GHz, where the LOS PLE and NLOS PLE were 2.55 and 5.76 respectively, it is clear that PLE at 38 GHz in the light urban environment in Austin is considerably lower....

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Journal Article•DOI•
Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless Networks: Potentials and Challenges

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Sundeep Rangan1, Theodore S. Rappaport1, Elza Erkip1•
New York University1
05 Feb 2014
TL;DR: Measurements and capacity studies are surveyed to assess mmW technology with a focus on small cell deployments in urban environments and it is shown that mmW systems can offer more than an order of magnitude increase in capacity over current state-of-the-art 4G cellular networks at current cell densities.
Abstract: Millimeter-wave (mmW) frequencies between 30 and 300 GHz are a new frontier for cellular communication that offers the promise of orders of magnitude greater bandwidths combined with further gains via beamforming and spatial multiplexing from multielement antenna arrays. This paper surveys measurements and capacity studies to assess this technology with a focus on small cell deployments in urban environments. The conclusions are extremely encouraging; measurements in New York City at 28 and 73 GHz demonstrate that, even in an urban canyon environment, significant non-line-of-sight (NLOS) outdoor, street-level coverage is possible up to approximately 200 m from a potential low-power microcell or picocell base station. In addition, based on statistical channel models from these measurements, it is shown that mmW systems can offer more than an order of magnitude increase in capacity over current state-of-the-art 4G cellular networks at current cell densities. Cellular systems, however, will need to be significantly redesigned to fully achieve these gains. Specifically, the requirement of highly directional and adaptive transmissions, directional isolation between links, and significant possibilities of outage have strong implications on multiple access, channel structure, synchronization, and receiver design. To address these challenges, the paper discusses how various technologies including adaptive beamforming, multihop relaying, heterogeneous network architectures, and carrier aggregation can be leveraged in the mmW context.

2,452 citations

Cites background from "28 GHz propagation measurements for..."

  • ...The authors would like to thank several students and colleagues for providing the propagation data [26], [29]– [33], [55] and capacity analysis [34] that made this research possible: M....

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  • ...Image from [29] showing typical measurement locations in NYC...

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Journal Article•DOI•
Millimeter-wave beamforming as an enabling technology for 5G cellular communications: theoretical feasibility and prototype results

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Won-Il Roh1, Ji-Yun Seol1, Jeong-Ho Park1, Byunghwan Lee1, Jae-kon Lee1, Yung-soo Kim1, Jae-Weon Cho1, Kyungwhoon Cheun1, Farshid Aryanfar1 •
Samsung1
19 Feb 2014-IEEE Communications Magazine
TL;DR: This article presents recent results from channel measurement campaigns and the development of advanced algorithms and a prototype, which clearly demonstrate that the mmWave band may indeed be a worthy candidate for next generation (5G) cellular systems.
Abstract: The ever growing traffic explosion in mobile communications has recently drawn increased attention to the large amount of underutilized spectrum in the millimeter-wave frequency bands as a potentially viable solution for achieving tens to hundreds of times more capacity compared to current 4G cellular networks. Historically, mmWave bands were ruled out for cellular usage mainly due to concerns regarding short-range and non-line-of-sight coverage issues. In this article, we present recent results from channel measurement campaigns and the development of advanced algorithms and a prototype, which clearly demonstrate that the mmWave band may indeed be a worthy candidate for next generation (5G) cellular systems. The results of channel measurements carried out in both the United States and Korea are summarized along with the actual free space propagation measurements in an anechoic chamber. Then a novel hybrid beamforming scheme and its link- and system-level simulation results are presented. Finally, recent results from our mmWave prototyping efforts along with indoor and outdoor test results are described to assert the feasibility of mmWave bands for cellular usage.

2,405 citations

Cites background from "28 GHz propagation measurements for..."

  • ...Along with the aforementioned laboratory measurements, there have been recent studies regarding the outdoor channel propagation characteristics that have shown the potential for utilizing higher frequency bands for cellular communications [10] [11] [12] [13] [14]....

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Journal Article•DOI•
An Overview of Signal Processing Techniques for Millimeter Wave MIMO Systems

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Robert W. Heath1, Nuria Gonzalez-Prelcic2, Sundeep Rangan3, Won-Il Roh4, Akbar M. Sayeed5 •
University of Texas at Austin1, University of Vigo2, New York University3, Samsung4, University of Wisconsin-Madison5
08 Feb 2016-IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing
TL;DR: This article provides an overview of signal processing challenges in mmWave wireless systems, with an emphasis on those faced by using MIMO communication at higher carrier frequencies.
Abstract: Communication at millimeter wave (mmWave) frequencies is defining a new era of wireless communication. The mmWave band offers higher bandwidth communication channels versus those presently used in commercial wireless systems. The applications of mmWave are immense: wireless local and personal area networks in the unlicensed band, 5G cellular systems, not to mention vehicular area networks, ad hoc networks, and wearables. Signal processing is critical for enabling the next generation of mmWave communication. Due to the use of large antenna arrays at the transmitter and receiver, combined with radio frequency and mixed signal power constraints, new multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication signal processing techniques are needed. Because of the wide bandwidths, low complexity transceiver algorithms become important. There are opportunities to exploit techniques like compressed sensing for channel estimation and beamforming. This article provides an overview of signal processing challenges in mmWave wireless systems, with an emphasis on those faced by using MIMO communication at higher carrier frequencies.

2,380 citations

Cites background from "28 GHz propagation measurements for..."

  • ...A surprising consequence of these studies is that, for distances of up to 200 m from a potential lowpower base station or access point (similar to cell radii in current micro- and pico-cellular deployments), the distance-based path loss in mmWave links is no worse than conventional cellular…...

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Journal Article•DOI•
Millimeter Wave Channel Modeling and Cellular Capacity Evaluation

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Mustafa Riza Akdeniz1, Yuanpeng Liu1, Mathew K. Samimi1, Shu Sun1, Sundeep Rangan1, Theodore S. Rappaport1, Elza Erkip1 •
New York University1
13 Jun 2014-IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
TL;DR: Detailed spatial statistical models of the channels are derived and it is found that, even in highly non-line-of-sight environments, strong signals can be detected 100-200 m from potential cell sites, potentially with multiple clusters to support spatial multiplexing.
Abstract: With the severe spectrum shortage in conventional cellular bands, millimeter wave (mmW) frequencies between 30 and 300 GHz have been attracting growing attention as a possible candidate for next-generation micro- and picocellular wireless networks. The mmW bands offer orders of magnitude greater spectrum than current cellular allocations and enable very high-dimensional antenna arrays for further gains via beamforming and spatial multiplexing. This paper uses recent real-world measurements at 28 and 73 GHz in New York, NY, USA, to derive detailed spatial statistical models of the channels and uses these models to provide a realistic assessment of mmW micro- and picocellular networks in a dense urban deployment. Statistical models are derived for key channel parameters, including the path loss, number of spatial clusters, angular dispersion, and outage. It is found that, even in highly non-line-of-sight environments, strong signals can be detected 100-200 m from potential cell sites, potentially with multiple clusters to support spatial multiplexing. Moreover, a system simulation based on the models predicts that mmW systems can offer an order of magnitude increase in capacity over current state-of-the-art 4G cellular networks with no increase in cell density from current urban deployments.

2,102 citations

Cites background from "28 GHz propagation measurements for..."

  • ...This issue is particularly concerning in cluttered, urban deployments where coverage frequently requires nonline-of-sight (NLOS) links....

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  • ...1: Image from [19] showing typical measurement locations in NYC at 28 GHz....

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  • ...However, these measurements were performed in an outdoor campus setting with much lower building density and greater opportunities for LOS connectivity than would be found in a typical urban deployment....

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References
More filters
Journal Article•DOI•
An introduction to millimeter-wave mobile broadband systems

[...]

Zhouyue Pi1, Farooq Khan1•
Samsung1
07 Jun 2011-IEEE Communications Magazine
TL;DR: This article introduces a millimeter-wave mobile broadband (MMB) system as a candidate next generation mobile communication system and demonstrates the feasibility for MMB to achieve gigabit-per-second data rates at a distance up to 1 km in an urban mobile environment.
Abstract: Almost all mobile communication systems today use spectrum in the range of 300 MHz-3 GHz. In this article, we reason why the wireless community should start looking at the 3-300 GHz spectrum for mobile broadband applications. We discuss propagation and device technology challenges associated with this band as well as its unique advantages for mobile communication. We introduce a millimeter-wave mobile broadband (MMB) system as a candidate next generation mobile communication system. We demonstrate the feasibility for MMB to achieve gigabit-per-second data rates at a distance up to 1 km in an urban mobile environment. A few key concepts in MMB network architecture such as the MMB base station grid, MMB interBS backhaul link, and a hybrid MMB + 4G system are described. We also discuss beamforming techniques and the frame structure of the MMB air interface.

2,487 citations

"28 GHz propagation measurements for..." refers background in this paper

  • ...small high-gain steerable antennas [1][2][3][4]....

    [...]

  • ...trum bands, where high-gain miniaturized steerable antennas could be used to exploit the smaller wavelength [1][2][3][4], thus motivating researchers to develop new techniques for the rarely-used millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency bands....

    [...]

  • ...The growing market for broadband wireless services has led to a global bandwidth shortage for carriers [1][2][4]....

    [...]

Journal Article•DOI•
State of the Art in 60-GHz Integrated Circuits and Systems for Wireless Communications

[...]

Theodore S. Rappaport1, James N. Murdock1, Felix Gutierrez1•
University of Texas at Austin1
18 Jul 2011
TL;DR: An overview of the technological advances in millimeter-wave circuit components, antennas, and propagation that will soon allow 60-GHz transceivers to provide multigigabit per second (multi-Gb/s) wireless communication data transfers in the consumer marketplace is presented.
Abstract: This tutorial presents an overview of the technological advances in millimeter-wave (mm-wave) circuit components, antennas, and propagation that will soon allow 60-GHz transceivers to provide multigigabit per second (multi-Gb/s) wireless communication data transfers in the consumer marketplace. Our goal is to help engineers understand the convergence of communications, circuits, and antennas, as the emerging world of subterahertz and terahertz wireless communications will require understanding at the intersections of these areas. This paper covers trends and recent accomplishments in a wide range of circuits and systems topics that must be understood to create massively broadband wireless communication systems of the future. In this paper, we present some evolving applications of massively broadband wireless communications, and use tables and graphs to show research progress from the literature on various radio system components, including on-chip and in-package antennas, radio-frequency (RF) power amplifiers (PAs), low-noise amplifiers (LNAs), voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs), mixers, and analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). We focus primarily on silicon-based technologies, as these provide the best means of implementing very low-cost, highly integrated 60-GHz mm-wave circuits. In addition, the paper illuminates characterization techniques that are required to competently design and fabricate mm-wave devices in silicon, and illustrates effects of the 60-GHz RF propagation channel for both in-building and outdoor use. The paper concludes with an overview of the standardization and commercialization efforts for 60-GHz multi-Gb/s devices, and presents a novel way to compare the data rate versus power efficiency for future broadband devices.

907 citations

"28 GHz propagation measurements for..." refers background in this paper

  • ...At the mm-wave bands of 28 GHz and 38 GHz, unlike at 60 GHz or 380 GHz, atmospheric absorption does not significantly contribute to additional path loss, making it suitable for outdoor mobile communications [1]....

    [...]

  • ...small high-gain steerable antennas [1][2][3][4]....

    [...]

  • ...trum bands, where high-gain miniaturized steerable antennas could be used to exploit the smaller wavelength [1][2][3][4], thus motivating researchers to develop new techniques for the rarely-used millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency bands....

    [...]

  • ...The growing market for broadband wireless services has led to a global bandwidth shortage for carriers [1][2][4]....

    [...]

Journal Article•DOI•
Spatial and temporal characteristics of 60-GHz indoor channels

[...]

Hao Xu1, V. Kukshya2, Theodore S. Rappaport2•
Bell Labs1, Virginia Tech2
07 Aug 2002-IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
TL;DR: The measurement results confirm that the majority of the multipath components can be determined from image based ray tracing techniques for line-of-sight (LOS) applications and can be used as empirical values for broadband wireless system design for 60-GHz short-range channels.
Abstract: This article presents measurement results and models for 60-GHz channels. Multipath components were resolved in time by using a sliding correlator with 10-ns resolution and in space by sweeping a directional antenna with 7/spl deg/ half power beamwidth in the azimuthal direction. Power delay profiles (PDPs) and power angle profiles (PAPs) were measured in various indoor and short-range outdoor environments. Detailed multipath structure was retrieved from PDPs and PAPs and was related to site-specific environments. Results show an excellent correlation between the propagation environments and the multipath channel structures. The measurement results confirm that the majority of the multipath components can be determined from image based ray tracing techniques for line-of-sight (LOS) applications. For non-LOS (NLOS) propagation through walls, the metallic structure of composite walls must be considered. From the recorded PDPs and PAPs, received signal power and statistical parameters of angle-of-arrival and time-of-arrival were also calculated. These parameters accurately describe the spatial and temporal properties of millimeter-wave channels and can be used as empirical values for broadband wireless system design for 60-GHz short-range channels.

650 citations

"28 GHz propagation measurements for..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...Path loss at a close-in reference distance of d0 is calculated and measured to be free space loss by the equation [10]:...

    [...]

Proceedings Article•DOI•
38 GHz and 60 GHz angle-dependent propagation for cellular & peer-to-peer wireless communications

[...]

Theodore S. Rappaport1, Eshar Ben-Dor2, James N. Murdock2, Yijun Qiao2•
New York University1, University of Texas at Austin2
10 Jun 2012
TL;DR: This work presents urban cellular and peer-to-peer RF wideband channel measurements using a broadband sliding correlator channel sounder and steerable antennas at carrier frequencies of 38 GHz and 60 GHz, and presents measurements showing the propagation time delay spread and path loss as a function of separation distance and antenna pointing angles for many types of real-world environments.
Abstract: As the cost of massively broadband® semiconductors continue to be driven down at millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequencies, there is great potential to use LMDS spectrum (in the 28–38 GHz bands) and the 60 GHz band for cellular/mobile and peer-to-peer wireless networks. This work presents urban cellular and peer-to-peer RF wideband channel measurements using a broadband sliding correlator channel sounder and steerable antennas at carrier frequencies of 38 GHz and 60 GHz, and presents measurements showing the propagation time delay spread and path loss as a function of separation distance and antenna pointing angles for many types of real-world environments. The data presented here show that at 38 GHz, unobstructed Line of Site (LOS) channels obey free space propagation path loss while non-LOS (NLOS) channels have large multipath delay spreads and can exploit many different pointing angles to provide propagation links. At 60 GHz, there is notably more path loss, smaller delay spreads, and fewer unique antenna angles for creating a link. For both 38 GHz and 60 GHz, we demonstrate empirical relationships between the RMS delay spread and antenna pointing angles, and observe that excess path loss (above free space) has an inverse relationship with transmitter-to-receiver separation distance.

409 citations

"28 GHz propagation measurements for..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...small high-gain steerable antennas [1][2][3][4]....

    [...]

  • ...trum bands, where high-gain miniaturized steerable antennas could be used to exploit the smaller wavelength [1][2][3][4], thus motivating researchers to develop new techniques for the rarely-used millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency bands....

    [...]

  • ...The growing market for broadband wireless services has led to a global bandwidth shortage for carriers [1][2][4]....

    [...]

  • ...Previous research in Austin, TX conducted rooftop-toground measurements at 38 GHz, and peer-to-peer channels in an outdoor urban setting at both 38 GHz and 60 GHz for future generation cellular [4]....

    [...]

Journal Article•DOI•
Editorial on the IEEE/OSA Journal of Lightwave Technology and the IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications

[...]

T. Giallorenzi, J. Limb
01 Jan 1986-Journal of Lightwave Technology

286 citations

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