3d building model reconstruction from point clouds and ground plans
01 Jan 2001-pp 37-43
TL;DR: In this paper, a three-dimensional Hough transform is used for the extraction of planar faces from the irregularly distributed point clouds, and two different strategies are explored to reconstruct building models from the detected face faces and segmented ground plans.
Abstract: Airborne laser altimetry has become a very popular technique for the acquisition of digital elevation models. The high point density that can be achieved with this technique enables applications of laser data for many other purposes. This paper deals with the construction of 3D models of the urban environment. A three-dimensional version o f the well-known Hough transform is used for the e xtraction o f planar faces from the irregularly distributed point clouds. To support the 3D reconstruction usage is made of available ground plans of the buildings. Two different strategies are explored to reconstruct building models from the detected planar faces and segmented ground plans. Whereas the first strategy tries to detect intersection lines and height jump edges, the second one assumes that all detected planar faces should model some part of the building. Experiments show that the second strategy is able to reconstruct more buildings and more details of this buildings, but that it sometimes leads to additional parts of the model that do not exist. When restricted to buildings with rectangular segments of the ground plan, the second strategy was able to reconstruct 83 buildings out of a dataset with 94 buildings.
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01 Jan 2004
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review several techniques that can be used to recognize geometric shapes or more general smooth surfaces in point clouds and present applications in industry, urban planning, water management and forestry.
Abstract: Both airborne and terrestrial laser scanners are used to capture large point clouds of the objects under study Although for some applications, direct measurements in the point clouds may already suffice, most applications require an automatic processing of the point clouds to extract information on the shape of the recorded objects This processing often involves the recognition of specific geometric shapes or more general smooth surfaces This paper reviews several techniques that can be used to recognise such structures in point clouds Applications in industry, urban planning, water management and forestry document the usefulness of these techniques 1 This paper was written while the first author was with the Delft University of Technology
480 citations
Cites background from "3d building model reconstruction fr..."
...Because of the duality of these two spaces, every point (X, Y, Z), according to Equation 1, also defines a plane in the parameter space (Maas and Vosselman 1999, Vosselman and Dijkman, 2001)....
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TL;DR: Empirical studies show the proposed approach to be at least an order of magnitude faster when compared to a conventional region growing method and able to incorporate semantic-based feature criteria, while achieving precision, recall, and fitness scores of at least 75% and as much as 95%.
Abstract: This paper introduces a novel, region-growing algorithm for the fast surface patch segmentation of three-dimensional point clouds of urban environments. The proposed algorithm is composed of two stages based on a coarse-to-fine concept. First, a region-growing step is performed on an octree-based voxelized representation of the input point cloud to extract major (coarse) segments. The output is then passed through a refinement process. As part of this, there are two competing factors related to voxel size selection. To balance the constraints, an adaptive octree is created in two stages. Empirical studies on real terrestrial and airborne laser scanning data for complex buildings and an urban setting show the proposed approach to be at least an order of magnitude faster when compared to a conventional region growing method and able to incorporate semantic-based feature criteria, while achieving precision, recall, and fitness scores of at least 75% and as much as 95%.
430 citations
TL;DR: An extended boundary regularization approach is developed based on multiple parallel and perpendicular line pairs to achieve topologically consistent and geometrically correct building models.
Abstract: This paper presents a solution framework for the segmentation and reconstruction of polyhedral building roofs from aerial LIght Detection And Ranging (lidar) point clouds. The eigenanalysis is first carried out for each roof point of a building within its Voronoi neighborhood. Such analysis not only yields the surface normal for each lidar point but also separates the lidar points into planar and nonplanar ones. In the second step, the surface normals of all planar points are clustered with the fuzzy k-means method. To optimize this clustering process, a potential-based approach is used to estimate the number of clusters, while considering both geometry and topology for the cluster similarity. The final step of segmentation separates the parallel and coplanar segments based on their distances and connectivity, respectively. Building reconstruction starts with forming an adjacency matrix that represents the connectivity of the segmented planar segments. A roof interior vertex is determined by intersecting all planar segments that meet at one point, whereas constraints in the form of vertical walls or boundary are applied to determine the vertices on the building outline. Finally, an extended boundary regularization approach is developed based on multiple parallel and perpendicular line pairs to achieve topologically consistent and geometrically correct building models. This paper describes the detail principles and implementation steps for the aforementioned solution framework. Results of a number of buildings with diverse roof complexities are presented and evaluated.
364 citations
Cites background from "3d building model reconstruction fr..."
...Reference [17] combines the process with building ground plans to eliminate some spurious planes and then project the remaining planes onto 2-D axial planes to further investigate and eliminate possible spurious planes....
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TL;DR: The research presented in this paper combines the Hough transform and “Scan-vs-BIM” systems in a unified approach for more robust automated comparison of as-built and as-planned cylindrical MEP works, thereby providing the basis for automated earned value tracking, automated percent-built-as-planned measures, and assistance for the delivery of as -built BIM models from as-designed ones.
358 citations
TL;DR: This article proposes a comprehensive approach for automated determination of 3D city models from airborne acquired point cloud data, based on the assumption that individual buildings can be modeled properly by a composition of a set of planar faces.
Abstract: Three dimensional city models are necessary for supporting numerous management applications. For the determination of city models for visualization purposes, several standardized workflows do exist. They are either based on photogrammetry or on LiDAR or on a combination of both data acquisition techniques. However, the automated determination of reliable and highly accurate city models is still a challenging task, requiring a workflow comprising several processing steps. The most relevant are building detection, building outline generation, building modeling, and finally, building quality analysis. Commercial software tools for building modeling require, generally, a high degree of human interaction and most automated approaches described in literature stress the steps of such a workflow individually. In this article, we propose a comprehensive approach for automated determination of 3D city models from airborne acquired point cloud data. It is based on the assumption that individual buildings can be modeled properly by a composition of a set of planar faces. Hence, it is based on a reliable 3D segmentation algorithm, detecting planar faces in a point cloud. This segmentation is of crucial importance for the outline detection and for the modeling approach. We describe the theoretical background, the segmentation algorithm, the outline detection, and the modeling approach, and we present and discuss several actual projects.
327 citations
Cites background from "3d building model reconstruction fr..."
...For example, [8–15] describe building region detection in rasterized laser scanning data and [16, 17] describe roof reconstruction in laser scanning point clouds with known building boundaries....
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...[16] partly avoids this problem by partitioning the given ground plan and finding the most appropriate (in some cases: nearest) plane segment to each partition....
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References
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01 Jan 1982
5,834 citations
"3d building model reconstruction fr..." refers methods in this paper
...For the detection of this intersection point the standard procedure of sampling the parameter space and searching for the bin with the highest number of planes can be used [Ballard and Brown, 1982]....
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TL;DR: A methodology for evaluating range image segmentation algorithms and four research groups have contributed to evaluate their own algorithm for segmenting a range image into planar patches.
Abstract: A methodology for evaluating range image segmentation algorithms is proposed. This methodology involves (1) a common set of 40 laser range finder images and 40 structured light scanner images that have manually specified ground truth and (2) a set of defined performance metrics for instances of correctly segmented, missed, and noise regions, over- and under-segmentation, and accuracy of the recovered geometry. A tool is used to objectively compare a machine generated segmentation against the specified ground truth. Four research groups have contributed to evaluate their own algorithm for segmenting a range image into planar patches.
895 citations
TL;DR: Two new techniques for the determination of building models from laser altimetry data are presented, both of which work on the original laser scanner data points without the requirement of an interpolation to a regular grid.
Abstract: Two new techniques for the determination of building models from laser altimetry data are presented. Both techniques work on the original laser scanner data points without the requirement of an interpolation to a regular grid. Available ground plan information may be used, but is not required. Closed solutions for the determination of the parameters of a standard gable roof type building model based on invariant moments of 2 1r2-D point clouds are shown. In addition, the analysis of deviations between point cloud and model does allow for modelling asymmetries such as dorms on a gable roof. By intersecting planar faces nonparametric buildings with more complex roof types can also be modelled. The techniques were applied to a FLI-MAP laser scanner dataset covering an area of 500= 250 m 2 with a density of more than 5 pointsrm 2 . Within this region, all but one building could be modelled. An analysis of the variance of the parameters within a group of buildings indicates a precision in the range of 0.1-0.2 m. q 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
496 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an overview of resources on airborne laser scanning (ALS) is given, with the main emphasis on existing systems and firms, especially commercial ones, and a quite complete survey of existing commercial systems, including detailed system parameters, is presented.
Abstract: This article gives an overview of resources on airborne laser scanning (ALS). The main emphasis is on existing systems and firms, especially commercial ones. Through a very time-consuming search and with the help of numerous persons from firms, organisations and other colleagues, a quite complete survey of existing commercial systems, including detailed system parameters, has been compiled. This survey is by far the most complete and up-to-date information available today on commercial ALS. Additional data on contact information, links and, in some cases, a short background is given for firms involved in ALS (manufacturers, service providers, owners). A summary of other non-commercial and research systems, mainly of NASA, and respective links is presented. Finally, some other useful WEB links are given. The developments in ALS have been very rapid the last 1–2 years. This overview reflects these developments and describes rather completely the current situation, thus, being useful for all persons involved in ALS one way or another.
354 citations