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Journal ArticleDOI

3D printing for the design and fabrication of polymer-based gradient scaffolds.

TL;DR: This review covers recent advances on techniques to incorporate gradients into polymer scaffolds through additive manufacturing and evaluates the success of these techniques, and offers insight into several techniques that can be used to generate graded scaffolds, depending on the desired gradient.
About: This article is published in Acta Biomaterialia.The article was published on 2017-07-01 and is currently open access. It has received 161 citations till now.
Citations
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01 Aug 2010
TL;DR: Stereolithography is a solid freeform technique (SFF) that was introduced in the late 1980s as discussed by the authors, which has the highest fabrication accuracy and an increasing number of materials that can be processed is becoming available.
Abstract: Stereolithography is a solid freeform technique (SFF) that was introduced in the late 1980s Although many other techniques have been developed since then, stereolithography remains one of the most powerful and versatile of all SFF techniques It has the highest fabrication accuracy and an increasing number of materials that can be processed is becoming available In this paper we discuss the characteristic features of the stereolithography technique and compare it to other SFF techniques The biomedical applications of stereolithography are reviewed, as well as the biodegradable resin materials that have been developed for use with stereolithography Finally, an overview of the application of stereolithography in preparing porous structures for tissue engineering is given

319 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review summarizes recent advances within the field in utilizing three critical elements - cells, scaffolds, and bioactive factors - to recapitulate the bone tissue microenvironment, inducing the formation of new bone.

155 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The fabrication and mechanical characterization of porous poly(ε-caprolactone) and PCL-hydroxyapatite scaffolds with incorporated vertical porosity and ceramic content gradients via a multimaterial extrusion 3DP system is described and will serve as the template for more complex multimaterial constructs with bioactive cues that better match native tissue physiology and promote tissue regeneration.

153 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: High precision 3DP techniques and judicious material selection can be designed to address the regeneration of previously challenging musculoskeletal, dental, and other heterogeneous target tissues, showing great promise in the future of tissue engineering.

124 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
03 Sep 2020-Polymers
TL;DR: The present paper comprises the most recent data on modern and performant strategies for effective wound healing, including micro- and nanoparticulate systems, fibrous scaffolds, and hydrogels.
Abstract: In order to overcome the shortcomings related to unspecific and partially efficient conventional wound dressings, impressive efforts are oriented in the development and evaluation of new and effective platforms for wound healing applications. In situ formed wound dressings provide several advantages, including proper adaptability for wound bed microstructure and architecture, facile application, patient compliance and enhanced therapeutic effects. Natural or synthetic, composite or hybrid biomaterials represent suitable candidates for accelerated wound healing, by providing proper air and water vapor permeability, structure for macro- and microcirculation, support for cellular migration and proliferation, protection against microbial invasion and external contamination. Besides being the most promising choice for wound care applications, polymeric biomaterials (either from natural or synthetic sources) may exhibit intrinsic wound healing properties. Several nanotechnology-derived biomaterials proved great potential for wound healing applications, including micro- and nanoparticulate systems, fibrous scaffolds, and hydrogels. The present paper comprises the most recent data on modern and performant strategies for effective wound healing.

112 citations


Cites background or methods from "3D printing for the design and fabr..."

  • ...Typically, a scaffold for wound healing can assist one of the following functions [61]: (i) It supports the delivery and retention of cells and different biochemical factors; (ii) It lets cells interact and connect by facilitating proper cell attachment and migration; (iii) It permits the flow of vital cell nutrients and released products; (iv) It modifies cells behavior by exerting mechanical and biological stimuli; (v) It mimics the ECM-like microenvironment in 3D space [62]....

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  • ...categorized these techniques into conventional and advanced (Table 5) [62]....

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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
25 Aug 2006-Cell
TL;DR: Naive mesenchymal stem cells are shown here to specify lineage and commit to phenotypes with extreme sensitivity to tissue-level elasticity, consistent with the elasticity-insensitive commitment of differentiated cell types.

12,204 citations


"3D printing for the design and fabr..." refers background in this paper

  • ...While highly porous scaffolds permit the ingression of tissue within a construct, it has been shown that the substrate stiffness directs the differentiation and migration of mesenchymal stem cells into different cell types such as myoblasts, osteoblast, and neurons [55]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Research on the tissue engineering of bone and cartilage from the polymeric scaffold point of view is reviews from a biodegradable and bioresorbable perspective.

4,914 citations


"3D printing for the design and fabr..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Highly porous biomaterials aid in de novo tissue regeneration by 1) allowing mass transport of nutrients and wastes, 2) providing a large surface area for cellular attachment and growth, 3) permitting vascularization of the implant, and 4) facilitating mechanical interlocking with the adjacent tissue [41, 42]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: 3D bioprinting is being applied to regenerative medicine to address the need for tissues and organs suitable for transplantation and developing high-throughput 3D-bioprinted tissue models for research, drug discovery and toxicology.
Abstract: Additive manufacturing, otherwise known as three-dimensional (3D) printing, is driving major innovations in many areas, such as engineering, manufacturing, art, education and medicine. Recent advances have enabled 3D printing of biocompatible materials, cells and supporting components into complex 3D functional living tissues. 3D bioprinting is being applied to regenerative medicine to address the need for tissues and organs suitable for transplantation. Compared with non-biological printing, 3D bioprinting involves additional complexities, such as the choice of materials, cell types, growth and differentiation factors, and technical challenges related to the sensitivities of living cells and the construction of tissues. Addressing these complexities requires the integration of technologies from the fields of engineering, biomaterials science, cell biology, physics and medicine. 3D bioprinting has already been used for the generation and transplantation of several tissues, including multilayered skin, bone, vascular grafts, tracheal splints, heart tissue and cartilaginous structures. Other applications include developing high-throughput 3D-bioprinted tissue models for research, drug discovery and toxicology.

4,841 citations


"3D printing for the design and fabr..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...Overall, inkjet bioprinters are inexpensive, create high-resolution patterns in the range of 20-100 μm at speeds in the range of 1-10,000 droplets/s and can introduce concentration gradients of cells and/or bioactive molecules throughout the 3D construct [9, 25]....

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  • ...concern by using a piezoelectric actuator to eject small droplets from the nozzle [9]....

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  • ...tissue engineering, 3D printing has been applied to virtually all tissues in the body and has even been utilized to fabricate whole organs [9]....

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  • ...Similar to inkjet printers, a liquid prepolymer solution is deposited in one continuous strand or single dots to generate the desired structure [9]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The integration of CTD with SFF to build designer tissue-engineering scaffolds is reviewed and the mechanical properties and tissue regeneration achieved using designer scaffolds are details.
Abstract: A paradigm shift is taking place in medicine from using synthetic implants and tissue grafts to a tissue engineering approach that uses degradable porous material scaffolds integrated with biological cells or molecules to regenerate tissues. This new paradigm requires scaffolds that balance temporary mechanical function with mass transport to aid biological delivery and tissue regeneration. Little is known quantitatively about this balance as early scaffolds were not fabricated with precise porous architecture. Recent advances in both computational topology design (CTD) and solid free-form fabrication (SFF) have made it possible to create scaffolds with controlled architecture. This paper reviews the integration of CTD with SFF to build designer tissue-engineering scaffolds. It also details the mechanical properties and tissue regeneration achieved using designer scaffolds. Finally, future directions are suggested for using designer scaffolds with in vivo experimentation to optimize tissue-engineering treatments, and coupling designer scaffolds with cell printing to create designer material/biofactor hybrids.

3,487 citations


"3D printing for the design and fabr..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Consideration of a tissue-engineered scaffold’s architecture on the macro-, micro- and nanoscale is crucial for proper nutrient and waste transport, cellular interactions, mechanical stability, and ultimately functional tissue formation [1]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors analyze the factors necessary to enhance the design and manufacture of scaffolds for use in tissue engineering in terms of materials, structure, and mechanical properties and review the traditional scaffold fabrication methods.
Abstract: In tissue engineering, a highly porous artificial extracellular matrix or scaffold is required to accommodate mammalian cells and guide their growth and tissue regeneration in three dimensions. However, existing three-dimensional scaffolds for tissue engineering proved less than ideal for actual applications, not only because they lack mechanical strength, but they also do not guarantee interconnected channels. In this paper, the authors analyze the factors necessary to enhance the design and manufacture of scaffolds for use in tissue engineering in terms of materials, structure, and mechanical properties and review the traditional scaffold fabrication methods. Advantages and limitations of these traditional methods are also discussed.

2,195 citations