scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question
Book ChapterDOI

5. Stratospheric Ozone: An Introduction to Its Study

About: The article was published on 2014-03-03 and is currently open access. It has received None citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Ozone layer.

Summary (3 min read)

REACTIONS IN A HYDROGEN-OXYGEN ATMOSPHèRE

  • When an analysis of the various reaction rates is made, a certain number of them can be ignored, and for several years it was assumed [e.g.. Fig. 2 . Observed and calculated ozone profiles.
  • Hunt. 1966; Leovy. 1969] that the reactions of OH and HO2 radicals with O and Oj were the essential reactions explaining the aeronomic behavior of stratospheric ozone.
  • The normal photodissociation process (a,3) H2O + hv neS) + OH{Xm) (30) which can still occur in the stratosphère, is less important than the reaction process (29).
  • This reaction may be introduced into the aeronomic chemistry of molecular hydrogen.
  • The rate coefficient «20 should be of the same order of magnitude as 13,5, but no acceptable value has been found.

REACTIONS AFTER OXIDATION OF MéTHANE

  • Methyl radicals, which are produced by oxidation processes of CH,, may react rapidly with atomic oxygen (c) CH, + O -H + HjCO + 67 Iccal (63û) with u rate coefficient [Slagle et al..
  • According to Levy [1972] , CH,0,H either reacts with OH or is subject to photodissociation (c") CH,0,H + hv ^ CH,0 + OH (78) Finally, if methylperoxynitrite and methylperoxynitrate are formed, the photodissociation should be considered to be and (Oo) EQUATION Reactions of CH,, CH3O, and CHjO, with ozone have also been considered [Simonaitis and Heicklen, 1975a] .

ATMOSPHèRE

  • The présence of nitrogen oxides in the upper atmosphère requires the production of atomic nitrogen [Nicolei.
  • From this analysis of the various reactions of nitrogen trioxide, it is not clear if NO, can play a major rôle in stratospheric aeronomy.
  • Among the various dissociation processes, the authors may consider the following: Cl, + hv{\ < 483 nm) -2CI (159a) is photodissociated in the stratosphère and troposphère by radiation of X > 300 nm [Seery and Britton.

and

  • Thus the addition of nitrogen oxides NO and NO,, which destroy odd oxygen by various reactions involving ozone and atomic oxygen, must be considered with its counterpart, the photodissociation of NO, NO,, and NO, and the N formation, as production processes in addition to the photodissociation of molecular oxygen.
  • Furthermore, the differential équation for nitric oxide must be written as foilows:.
  • Thus the nitrogen oxide concentrations, and particularly those of HNOs, NO, and NO2, must dépend on atmospheric conditions in the lower stratosphère [Brasseur and Nicolet, 1973] , and their behavior will be related to the variation of the tropopause.

SOLAR RADIATION

  • The authors knowledge of solar radiation in the ultraviolet which plays a rôle in the photodissociation of molecular oxygen is due to rocket and balloon data.
  • The percentages are given for the spectral range AK = 500 cm"'; standard conditions prevail.
  • There is therefore no doubt that the stratospheric ozone below its concentration peak is essentially due to a downward transport from the production régions Figure 20 is another illustration of this distribution of the ozone formation resulting from the atomic oxygen production with a peak in the upper stratosphère between 40 and 50 km even for overhead sun conditions.
  • The température-altitude profiles indicate that the important différences occur between 10 and 20 km; they are related to the hcight of the tropopause and have therefore an effect on the rate coefficients in the lower stratosphère.

PHOTODISSOCIATION IN THE TROPOSPHèRE AND STRATOSPHèRE AND ITS EFFECTS

  • The photodissociation in the lower régions of the terrestrial atmosphère is of particular interest, since it is the necessary process to start various chemical reactions.
  • The ozone photolysis (see for example, Welge [1974] for a récent analysis of the photolysis of O», Hd, COj, and SO, compounds) occurs in the visible région in the spectral range of the Chappuis bands with production of oxygen molécules and atoms in their normal States.
  • Its concentration dépends on the exchange processes between the stratosphère and troposphère.
  • The absorption cross section of nitrous oxide varies within very low values less than 10"" cm^ between 310 and 250 nm, and its photodissociation coefficient is not greater than 10"' s"' at the stratopause and reaches only values less than 10"' S"' in the low stratosphère.
  • The photodissociation rates are relatively small, and departures from photochemical equilibrium conditions are aiways the rule.

FINAL INTRODUCTORY REMARKS

  • The authors have seen that it is aiways possible to résolve the theoretical problem of stratospheric ozone with the introduc-PHOTOOI SSOCIAT ION COEFFICIENT I sec"'l Fig. 37 . 1972] . tion of correct aeronomic équations and with the adoption oi the principal atmospheric parameters.
  • The boundary conditions, which are used in stratospheric models, are not aiways adopted to varying atmospheric conditions.
  • Seiler, 1974; Seiler and Schmidi, 1974] il may be pointed out that the CO concentration must be known with précision in the lower stratosphère in order to détermine the ratio n(OH)/«(H02).
  • In the same way, the tropospheric ozone problem requires more attention, since a photochemical theory has been proposed by Chameides and Walker [1973.

CONCENTRATION Icm"'')

  • Récent measurements by Schmidt [1974] and Seller and Schmidt [1974] lead to an almost constant mixing ratio ofO.55 ppm for tropospheric molecular hydrogen which can be taken as the normal mixing ratio above the tropopause level.
  • Sampling [Ehhall, 1974] in the stratosphère at various latitudes is required in order to obtain enough vertical profiles to compare with the calculated vertical distributions of méthane and molecular hydrogen.
  • It is not yet clear how the vertical and horizontal transports play their rôle [Wofsy et ai. 1967] , and even spécial sources [Deuser et al., 1973] .
  • Récent measurements at ground level of HNO2 by Nash [1974] lead to mixing ratios from 1 to 10 ppb which must be explained by its various reactions with nitrogen oxides and hydroxyl and hydroperoxyl radicals.

Did you find this useful? Give us your feedback

Content maybe subject to copyright    Report

References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the behavior of nitrogen oxides in the stratosphere and mesosphere is discussed with the aid of a model which introduces the photodissociation of nitric oxide and the formation of Nitric acid.

108 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
06 Jul 1973-Science
TL;DR: Data resulting from two recent expeditions to the lake and a reevaluation of earlier data suggest that most of the methane in Lake Kivu was formed by bacteria from abiogenetic carbon dioxide and hydrogen, rather than being of volcanic origin or having formed from decomposing organic matter.
Abstract: Lake Kivu, an African rift lake, contains about 50 cubic kilometers of methane (at standard temperature and pressure) in its deep water. Data resulting from two recent expeditions to the lake and a reevaluation of earlier data suggest that most of the methane was formed by bacteria from abiogenetic carbon dioxide and hydrogen, rather than being of volcanic origin or having formed from decomposing organic matter.

108 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the altitude profiles for the number densities of H2O, CH4, H2, CO, O3, and the sum of NO and NO2 are calculated as a function of time of day with a steady-state photochemical model.

105 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a fair idea of the distribution of ozone with different pressure distributions was obtained by means of simultaneous observations at six stations in N. W. Europe, and a year's observations have been taken at these stations, and the results for one year cannot establish the annual variations with great accuracy, and several years' observations would be necessary to give a greatly improved accuracy.
Abstract: In the previously published papers on this subject it has been shown that there is a marked relation between the amount of ozone in the upper atmosphere and the type of atmospheric pressure distribution. By means of simultaneous observations at six stations in N. W. Europe, a fair idea of the distribution of ozone with different pressure distributions was obtained. To get further insight into this relation it was necessary to know the distribution of ozone layer the world at different times of the year. The instruments were, therefore, redistributed to get observations in widely different latitudes, and a year’s observations have been taken at these stations. While the results for one year cannot establish the annual variations with great accuracy, they are enough to show the main features, and several years’ observations would be necessary to give a greatly improved accuracy. The places where the observations have been made are as follows :─ Place. Latitude. Longitude. Arosa (Switzerland) 46° 45’ N. 9° 40’ E. Table Mountain (California) ....... 34° 22’ N. 117° 41’ W. Helwan (Egypt) 29° 50’ N. 31° 10’ E. Kodaikanal (India) 10° 10’ N. 77° 30’ E. Christchurch (New Zealand) ...... 43° 30’ S. 172° 40’ E.

105 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the theory of formation for explaining observed density distribution is described for explaining the observed density distributions in the earth atmosphere, describing the formation of the Earth's magnetic field.
Abstract: NO in earth atmosphere, describing theory of formation for explaining observed density distribution

104 citations