A Battery Energy Management Strategy for U.K. Enhanced Frequency Response and Triad Avoidance
Summary (1 min read)
Introduction
- Battery energy storage; enhanced frequency response; frequency stability; grid support; lithium-titanate; triad avoidance; Willenhall energy storage.
- BESSs using various battery chemistries are installed around the world for grid support [4].
- Maintaining the grid at a nominal frequency (i.e. 50 Hz for the UK) requires the management of many disparate generation sources against varying loads.
- In Section III, three different EFR service models are developed to evaluate control strategies for delivering a real-time response to deviations in the grid frequency.
- Finally, the change in power output per time step (1 second) for each zone is determined using the given ramp-rate limits given in [4].
A. Simulation results of EFR Model-1
- In order to show the performance of the reported EFR algorithm in Section III, the real grid frequency data for the 21st of October of 2015 [23] is employed herein, as this particular day is known to have a large period of under frequency.
- Calculated power dictated by EFR specification, also known as *CPower.
- Because of the SOC reaching 0% and therefore there is no power available for delivery to the grid.
- This non-conformance would cause a penalty in the SPM and hence it is necessary to improve the EFR control algorithm to minimise such occurrences.
A. Simulation Results of EFR Model-2
- Model-2 introduces the extended grid frequency event timer and cuts the EFR power output after 15 minutes (Fig. 3).
- The same frequency data is injected into Model-2 capturing 13 15- minute extended frequency events (Fig. 5(d)).
- Therefore, the BESS is 100% available for providing power according to the EFR specification.
B. Simulation Results for EFR Model-3
- The EFR algorithm implemented in Model-3 allows for the charge/discharge of the battery during the 30-minute rest period (Fig. 3).
- The model is simulated with the 21st October 2015 grid frequency data [23] as shown in Fig.
- This is a substantial achievement in terms of maximising the utilisation of the BESS stored energy.
C. Results Analysis
- It was shown that, for the historical dataset considered, the basic EFR algorithm, Model-1, would not be able to manage the extended 15-minute grid frequency events, thus, causing the battery’s SOC to drop to 0%, which would incur a service performance penalty charge.
- T. Feehally et al., "Battery energy storage systems for the electricity grid: UK research facilities," in IET Int. Conf. Power Electron., Mach.
- He is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, the University of Sheffield, with particular interest for research into energy storage and management, power electronics, and intelligent systems.
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References
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Additional excerpts
...BESSs mostly participate in balancing demand and supply through frequency response services, voltage support, and peak power lopping [9], [10] BESSs using various battery chemistries are installed around the world for grid support [4]....
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