A Battery Energy Management Strategy for U.K. Enhanced Frequency Response and Triad Avoidance
Summary (1 min read)
Introduction
- Battery energy storage; enhanced frequency response; frequency stability; grid support; lithium-titanate; triad avoidance; Willenhall energy storage.
- BESSs using various battery chemistries are installed around the world for grid support [4].
- Maintaining the grid at a nominal frequency (i.e. 50 Hz for the UK) requires the management of many disparate generation sources against varying loads.
- In Section III, three different EFR service models are developed to evaluate control strategies for delivering a real-time response to deviations in the grid frequency.
- Finally, the change in power output per time step (1 second) for each zone is determined using the given ramp-rate limits given in [4].
A. Simulation results of EFR Model-1
- In order to show the performance of the reported EFR algorithm in Section III, the real grid frequency data for the 21st of October of 2015 [23] is employed herein, as this particular day is known to have a large period of under frequency.
- Calculated power dictated by EFR specification, also known as *CPower.
- Because of the SOC reaching 0% and therefore there is no power available for delivery to the grid.
- This non-conformance would cause a penalty in the SPM and hence it is necessary to improve the EFR control algorithm to minimise such occurrences.
A. Simulation Results of EFR Model-2
- Model-2 introduces the extended grid frequency event timer and cuts the EFR power output after 15 minutes (Fig. 3).
- The same frequency data is injected into Model-2 capturing 13 15- minute extended frequency events (Fig. 5(d)).
- Therefore, the BESS is 100% available for providing power according to the EFR specification.
B. Simulation Results for EFR Model-3
- The EFR algorithm implemented in Model-3 allows for the charge/discharge of the battery during the 30-minute rest period (Fig. 3).
- The model is simulated with the 21st October 2015 grid frequency data [23] as shown in Fig.
- This is a substantial achievement in terms of maximising the utilisation of the BESS stored energy.
C. Results Analysis
- It was shown that, for the historical dataset considered, the basic EFR algorithm, Model-1, would not be able to manage the extended 15-minute grid frequency events, thus, causing the battery’s SOC to drop to 0%, which would incur a service performance penalty charge.
- T. Feehally et al., "Battery energy storage systems for the electricity grid: UK research facilities," in IET Int. Conf. Power Electron., Mach.
- He is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, the University of Sheffield, with particular interest for research into energy storage and management, power electronics, and intelligent systems.
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Citations
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Cites methods from "A Battery Energy Management Strateg..."
...Diverse strategies for SOC management of EESSs can be found in the literature in the form of control techniques such as linear control [5], PID [6], model predictive con-...
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48 citations
Cites background from "A Battery Energy Management Strateg..."
...parameters α and β, which depends on changes in the system frequency [34]....
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References
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Additional excerpts
...BESSs mostly participate in balancing demand and supply through frequency response services, voltage support, and peak power lopping [9], [10] BESSs using various battery chemistries are installed around the world for grid support [4]....
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...W ITH increasing environmental concerns about climate change and burning fossil fuels, and the requirement for a more sustainable grid, renewable energy sources (RES) play an essential role in energy continuity for today’s electricity supply grid [1], [2]....
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"A Battery Energy Management Strateg..." refers background or methods in this paper
...It aims to investigate the characteristics of a lithium–titanate type battery, as well as different battery chemistries, for providing grid support functions at scale [8], [13], [25]–[27]....
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...More technical details on the WESS can be found in [8] and [13]....
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...In comparison to such ESSs, the battery energy storage system (BESS) has numerous advantages including faster response time compared to conventional energy generation sources, energy efficiency, storage size, long cycle life, low self-discharge rate, high charging/discharging rate capability, and low maintenance requirements [7], [8]....
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...was installed by the University of Sheffield (UoS) to enable research on large-scale batteries and to create a platform for research into grid ancillary services [4], [8], [13]....
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"A Battery Energy Management Strateg..." refers background in this paper
...Increased penetration of uncertain and intermittent RES on power grids causes many challenges for grid operators including increased frequency fluctuations, power quality reduction, reduced reliability, and voltage transients [3]....
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