A battery energy management strategy for UK enhanced frequency response
19 Jun 2017-pp 26-31
TL;DR: A control algorithm is developed to provide a charge/discharge power output with respect to deviations in the grid frequency and the ramp-rate limits imposed by the NG, whilst managing the state-of-charge (SOC) of the BESS for an optimised utilisation of the available stored energy.
Abstract: Balancing the grid at 50 Hz requires managing many distributed generation sources against a varying load, which is becoming an increasingly challenging task due to the increased penetration of renewable energy sources such as wind and solar and loss of traditional generation which provide inertia to the system. In the UK, various frequency support services are available, which are developed to provide a real-time response to changes in the grid frequency. The National Grid (NG) — the main distribution network operator in the UK — have introduced a new and fast service called the Enhanced Frequency Response (EFR), which requires a response time of under one second. A battery energy storage system (BESS) is a suitable candidate for delivering such service. Therefore, in this paper a control algorithm is developed to provide a charge/discharge power output with respect to deviations in the grid frequency and the ramp-rate limits imposed by the NG, whilst managing the state-of-charge (SOC) of the BESS for an optimised utilisation of the available stored energy. Simulation results on a 2 MW/1 MWh lithium-titanate BESS are provided to verify the proposed algorithm based on the control of an experimentally validated battery model.
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TL;DR: A novel mixed integer linear programming unit commitment formulation that simultaneously optimizes energy production and the allocation of inertial response, enhanced frequency response (EFR), and primary response (PR) against largest plant outage is proposed.
Abstract: Future changes in the generation mix may reduce the overall amount of system inertia. It becomes crucial to provide response services more quickly to secure postfault transient frequency dynamics. This paper proposes a novel mixed integer linear programming unit commitment formulation that simultaneously optimizes energy production and the allocation of inertial response (IR), enhanced frequency response (EFR), and primary response (PR) against largest plant outage. A set of linearized inertia-dependent and multispeed constraints on frequency evolution explicitly recognizes the quicker provision of EFR compared to PR and their mutual interplay with IR. The proposed model is applied to analyze a typical 2030 GB low-carbon scenario. Results demonstrate the value, as reduction of system operational cost, when battery storage provides EFR, facilitating a cost-efficient transition toward the low-carbon electricity sector.
82 citations
Cites background from "A battery energy management strateg..."
...This concept was demonstrated only at simulation, level for specific system conditions in [9], [10], [11]....
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TL;DR: This paper describes a control algorithm to deliver a charge/discharge power output in response to changes in the grid frequency constrained by the National Grid Electricity Transmission while managing the state of charge of the BESS to optimize the availability of the system.
Abstract: This paper describes a control algorithm for a battery energy storage system (BESS) to deliver a charge/discharge power output in response to changes in the grid frequency constrained by the National Grid Electricity Transmission (NGET)—the primary electricity transmission network operator in the U.K.—while managing the state of charge of the BESS to optimize the availability of the system. Furthermore, this paper investigates using the BESS in order to maximize triad avoidance benefit revenues while layering other services. Simulation using a 2 MW/1 MWh lithium–titanate BESS validated model is carried out to explore possible scenarios using the proposed algorithms. Finally, experimental results of the 2 MW/1 MWh Willenhall Energy Storage System verify the performance of the proposed algorithms.
70 citations
Cites background or methods from "A battery energy management strateg..."
...Hence, in such cases, EFR power output has to return to the specified envelope with respect to the ramp-rate limits given in [4]....
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...envelopes to deliver a continuous service to the power system, with respect to the specified limitations on ramp rates as given in [4] and [12]....
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...A BESS is an ideal choice for delivering such a service to the power system due to its rapid response and its capability to import/export [4]....
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...BESSs mostly participate in balancing demand and supply through frequency response services, voltage support, and peak power lopping [9], [10] BESSs using various battery chemistries are installed around the world for grid support [4]....
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...It should be noted that the previous basic study [4] presented initial three EFR control methodologies with their simulation results, and this paper extends to show how this can be used to maximize profits from other services such as triad avoidance....
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TL;DR: An extensive review of research related to the main power system operational challenges with respect to the massive deployment of PV sources and various control approaches and applications of battery energy storage system (BESS) to improve the inertial response of a low-inertia power system is presented.
Abstract: The increasing amount of solar photovoltaic (PV) penetration substitutes a large portion of conventional synchronous power plants. During the peak power production period, it may lead to reduced the rotational inertia and thereby deteriorate inherent inertial response of the power system. It is assumed that the conventional generators mainly provide the necessary frequency regulation service. Conversely most of the PV inverters are designed to operate in the maximum power point (MPP) to generate the maximum revenue. Due to the synchronization mechanism, an inherent close coupling exists between the speed of the conventional generator and the grid frequency. On the contrary, the inverter interface completely decouples PV from the grid. As a result, PV systems do not inherently contribute to the system inertia. Therefore, it is important to investigate the impact of reduced inertia on stability, control and operation of a power system. This paper presents an extensive review of research related to the main power system operational challenges with respect to the massive deployment of PV sources. Besides, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of various control approaches and applications of battery energy storage system (BESS) to improve the inertial response of a low-inertia power system.
58 citations
TL;DR: This paper assesses whether synergies exist between two of the most significant of these services, fast frequency response and energy arbitrage, if a battery energy storage system is used to deliver both, and develops an innovative state-of-charge management strategy to exploit this synergy.
42 citations
TL;DR: Results shows that the hybrid PSM approach allows a degree of the better performance for both grid while the sharing of SC is kept maximum 2.0% and 2.5% of the HESS capacity.
Abstract: Hybrid energy storage system (HESS) based on Li-ion and supercapacitor (SC) can play a potential role to stabilize the grid by providing the fast frequency ancillary services. The SC helps to reduce the battery charge/discharge stress and, hence, assists to extend the battery lifespan. The power sharing method (PSM) is the heart in control part to improve the HESS performance and reduce the battery stress. This paper proposes a hybrid PSM and investigates its impact on battery life extension along with its relation to the system design and regulation signal. The performance of hybrid PSM is compared with three other PSMs (low-pass filter, first and second rule based) in a 10 MW/10 MWh full-active parallel HESS for frequency regulation service in two networks: U.K. (national grid) and USA (PJM). Considering maximum possible battery lifetime upto 25 years, result shows that the hybrid PSM approach allows a degree of the better performance for both grid while the sharing of SC is kept maximum 2.0% and 2.5% (for U.S. and U.K. grid, respectively) of the HESS capacity. This study also analyses the impact of PSM on shared capacity and design of HESS for different grid regulation signals.
26 citations
Additional excerpts
...characteristic and fast response time [7]–[9]....
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References
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TL;DR: In this paper, a review of electrical energy storage technologies for stationary applications is presented, with particular attention paid to pumped hydroelectric storage, compressed air energy storage, battery, flow battery, fuel cell, solar fuel, superconducting magnetic energy storage and thermal energy storage.
Abstract: Electrical energy storage technologies for stationary applications are reviewed. Particular attention is paid to pumped hydroelectric storage, compressed air energy storage, battery, flow battery, fuel cell, solar fuel, superconducting magnetic energy storage, flywheel, capacitor/supercapacitor, and thermal energy storage. Comparison is made among these technologies in terms of technical characteristics, applications and deployment status.
3,031 citations
TL;DR: A comprehensive and clear picture of the state-of-the-art technologies available, and where they would be suited for integration into a power generation and distribution system is provided in this article.
2,790 citations
"A battery energy management strateg..." refers background in this paper
...There are numerous types of existing ESS such as compressed air, fuel cells, hydrogen, cryogenic, pumped hydro, flywheel and superconducting magnetic storages [6]–[11]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the present status of battery energy storage technology and methods of assessing their economic viability and impact on power system operation and suggest a likely future outlook for the battery technologies and the electric hybrid vehicles in the context of power system applications.
1,627 citations
"A battery energy management strateg..." refers background in this paper
...There are numerous types of existing ESS such as compressed air, fuel cells, hydrogen, cryogenic, pumped hydro, flywheel and superconducting magnetic storages [6]–[11]....
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TL;DR: This paper presents a review of ESSs for transport and grid applications, covering several aspects as the storage technology, the main applications, and the power converters used to operate some of the energy storage technologies.
Abstract: Energy storage systems (ESSs) are enabling technologies for well-established and new applications such as power peak shaving, electric vehicles, integration of renewable energies, etc. This paper presents a review of ESSs for transport and grid applications, covering several aspects as the storage technology, the main applications, and the power converters used to operate some of the energy storage technologies. Special attention is given to the different applications, providing a deep description of the system and addressing the most suitable storage technology. The main objective of this paper is to introduce the subject and to give an updated reference to nonspecialist, academic, and engineers in the field of power electronics.
1,115 citations
"A battery energy management strateg..." refers background in this paper
...Furthermore, ESSs can also be used to deal with the power quality concerns, especially in the UK, by providing ancillary services such as frequency regulation, 15-minute fast frequency response, operational reserve and load following [4], [5]....
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...Energy storage systems (ESSs) are one of the efficient ways to tackle such issues by decoupling energy generation from demand [4]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a full scope review of the principal energy storage technologies being developed so far, and the features and benefits of energy storage systems (ESSs) within the MG are analyzed in details including ESS configuration and topologies, power electronics interfaces, ESS control schemes for charging/discharging, control strategy of hybrid ESS as well as optimization of the renewable sources and ESS.
531 citations
"A battery energy management strateg..." refers background in this paper
...Furthermore, ESSs can also be used to deal with the power quality concerns, especially in the UK, by providing ancillary services such as frequency regulation, 15-minute fast frequency response, operational reserve and load following [4], [5]....
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