A Case for Comparative Entrepreneurship: Assessing the Relevance of Culture
01 Jun 2000-Journal of International Business Studies (Palgrave Macmillan UK)-Vol. 31, Iss: 2, pp 287-301
TL;DR: The authors examined the relationship between culture and four personality characteristics commonly associated with entrepreneurial motivation and demonstrated systematic variation in entrepreneurial characteristics across cultures, raising important questions about the boundaries of international entrepreneurship research and the challenges of transcending them.
Abstract: As international entrepreneurship gains momentum as a significant and relevant field of research, scholars need to address methodological issues that can facilitate the triangulation of research results. In this paper, we examine the relationship between culture and four personality characteristics commonly associated with entrepreneurial motivation. By demonstrating systematic variation in entrepreneurial characteristics across cultures, we raise important questions about the boundaries of international entrepreneurship research and the challenges of transcending them.
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: This paper reviewed the literature on gender differences in economic experiments and identified robust differences in risk preferences, social (other-regarding) preferences, and competitive preferences, speculating on the source of these differences and their implications.
Abstract: This paper reviews the literature on gender differences in economic experiments. In the three main sections, we identify robust differences in risk preferences, social (other-regarding) preferences, and competitive preferences. We also speculate on the source of these differences, as well as on their implications. Our hope is that this article will serve as a resource for those seeking to understand gender differences and to use as a starting point to illuminate the debate on gender-specific outcomes in the labor and goods markets.
4,864 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a cumulative body of knowledge about entrepreneurship orientation has been collected and used in the context of entrepreneurship research, with the focus on entrepreneurship orientation (EO) being one of the few areas in entrepreneurship research where a cumulative knowledge base is available.
Abstract: Entrepreneurial orientation (EO) has received substantial conceptual and empirical attention, representing one of the few areas in entrepreneurship research where a cumulative body of knowledge i ...
2,764 citations
Cites result from "A Case for Comparative Entrepreneur..."
...Third, previous studies have indicated that EO or certain dimensions thereof may differ across countries (e.g., Knight, 1997; Thomas & Mueller, 2000)....
[...]
TL;DR: This article reviewed 180 studies published in 40 business and psychology journals and two international annual volumes between 1980 and June 2002 to consolidate what is empirically verifiable about Hofstede's cultural values framework.
Abstract: Since Geert Hofstede's Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values (Sage, 1980) was published, researchers have utilized Hofstede's cultural values framework in a wide variety of empirical studies. We review 180 studies published in 40 business and psychology journals and two international annual volumes between 1980 and June 2002 to consolidate what is empirically verifiable about Hofstede's cultural values framework. We discuss limitations in the Hofstede-inspired research and make recommendations for researchers who use Hofstede's framework in the future.
2,007 citations
Cites background from "A Case for Comparative Entrepreneur..."
...Increasing cultural distance from the US was negatively associated with entrepreneurial traits such as internal locus of control, moderate risk-taking, and high energy level at the country level (Thomas and Mueller, 2000)....
[...]
...At the group/organization level, IND–COL had a curvilinear relationship with entrepreneurship (Morris et al., 1993), but at the country level, increasing cultural distance from the US in terms of IND–COL (i.e., higher COL) was negatively related to entrepreneurial traits (Thomas and Mueller, 2000)....
[...]
TL;DR: In this paper, a reformulated definition of international entrepreneurship is proposed and a model is presented of how the speed of entrepreneurial internationalization is influenced by various forces, such as enabling forces of technology, motivating forces of competition, mediating perceptions of entrepreneurs, and moderating forces of knowledge and networks.
Abstract: This article provides a reformulated definition of international entrepreneurship. Consistent with the new definition, a model is presented of how the speed of entrepreneurial internationalization is influenced by various forces. The model begins with an entrepreneurial opportunity and depicts the enabling forces of technology, the motivating forces of competition, the mediating perceptions of entrepreneurs, and the moderating forces of knowledge and networks that collectively determine the speed of internationalization.
1,739 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors use an organizing framework based on institutional economics, in combination with lessons from cross-cultural psychology, to consider the social dimensions of entrepreneurship and find that entrepreneurs may partially overcome institutional deficiencies by relying on social networks that facilitate reputational bonding as a means for resource sharing.
Abstract: Schumpeter’s canonical depiction of the entrepreneur as an agent of social and economic change implies that entrepreneurs are especially sensitive to the social environment. We use an organizing framework based on institutional economics, in combination with lessons from cross-cultural psychology, to consider the social dimensions of entrepreneurship. The level and modes of entrepreneurial activity are affected by the surrounding culture and by legal rules. Entrepreneurs may partially overcome institutional deficiencies by relying on social networks that facilitate reputational bonding as a means for resource-sharing.
1,503 citations
Cites background from "A Case for Comparative Entrepreneur..."
...Although Weber is often associated with entrepreneurship (e.g., Thomas and Mueller 2000), his theory was not explicitly directed toward entrepreneurship (Brouwer 2002)....
[...]
...…uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity/femininity.4 Thus, Meuller and Thomas (2000) show that innovativeness and internal locus of control were more likely to be found among students coming from cultures high in individualism and low in uncertainty avoidance (see also Thomas and Mueller 2000)....
[...]
References
More filters
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of reward or reinforcement on preceding behavior depend in part on whether the person perceives the reward as contingent on his own behavior or independent of it, and individuals may also differ in generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement.
Abstract: The effects of reward or reinforcement on preceding behavior depend in part on whether the person perceives the reward as contingent on his own behavior or independent of it. Acquisition and performance differ in situations perceived as determined by skill versus chance. Persons may also differ in generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. This report summarizes several experiments which define group differences in behavior when Ss perceive reinforcement as contingent on their behavior versus chance or experimenter control. The report also describes the development of tests of individual differences in a generalized belief in internal-external control and provides reliability, discriminant validity and normative data for 1 test, along with a description of the results of several studies of construct validity.
21,451 citations
Book•
01 Nov 1980
TL;DR: In his book Culture's Consequences, Geert Hofstede proposed four dimensions on which the differences among national cultures can be understood: Individualism, Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance and Masculinity as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: In his bestselling book Culture's Consequences, Geert Hofstede proposed four dimensions on which the differences among national cultures can be understood: Individualism, Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance and Masculinity. This volume comprises the first in-depth discussion of the masculinity dimension and how it can help us to understand differences among cultures. The book begins with a general explanation of the masculinity dimension, and discusses how it illuminates broad features of different cultures. The following parts apply the dimension more specifically to gender (and gender identity), sexuality (and sexual behaviour) and religion, probably the most influential variable of all. Hofstede closes the book with a synthesizing statement about cultural values as they are linked to sexuality, gender and religion.
19,826 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1934
TL;DR: Buku ini memberikan infmasi tentang aliran melingkar kehidupan ekonomi sebagaimana dikondisikan oleh keadaan tertentu, fenomena fundamental dari pembangunan EKonomi, kredit, laba wirausaha, bunga atas modal, and siklus bisnis as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Buku ini memberikan infmasi tentang aliran melingkar kehidupan ekonomi sebagaimana dikondisikan oleh keadaan tertentu, fenomena fundamental dari pembangunan ekonomi, kredit dan modal, laba wirausaha, bunga atas modal, dan siklus bisnis.
16,325 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a contingency framework for investigating the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance is proposed. But the authors focus on the business domain and do not consider the economic domain.
Abstract: The primary purpose of this article is to clarify the nature of the entrepreneurial orientation (EO) construct and to propose a contingency framework for investigating the relationship between EO and firm performance. We first explore and refine the dimensions of EO and discuss the usefulness of viewing a firm's EO as a multidimensional construct. Then, drawing on examples from the EO-related contingencies literature, we suggest alternative models (moderating effects, mediating effects, independent effects, interaction effects) for testing the EO-performance relationship.
8,623 citations
"A Case for Comparative Entrepreneur..." refers background in this paper
...Contemporary theoretical work in entrepreneurship exhibits a concerted awareness of the necessity for frameworks that will facilitate the synthesis of existing research and the generation of new studies that address the gaps [Lumpkin and Dess, 1996; Van de Ven, 1992; West, 1997]....
[...]
...It is only recently that scholars have begun to address the need for integrative typologies and paradigms that can provide a coherent platform for diverse research efforts [Hisrich, 1990; Lumpkin and Dess, 1996; Wortman, 1987]....
[...]
Book•
01 Jan 1961
TL;DR: This paper argued that cultural customs and motivations, especially the motivation for achievement, are the major catalysts of economic growth and proposed a plan to accelerate economic growth in developing countries by encouraging and supplementing their achievement motives through mobilizing the greater achievement resources of developed countries.
Abstract: Examines the motivation for achievement as a psychological factor that shapes economic development. Refuting arguments based on race, climate, or population growth, the book instead argues for cultural customs and motivations - especially the motivation for achievement - as the major catalysts of economic growth. Considering the Protestant Reformation, the rise of capitalism, parents' influences on sons, and folklore and children's stories as shaping cultural motivations for achievement, the book hypothesizes that a high level of achievement motivation precedes economic growth. This is supported through qualitative analysis of the achievement motive, as well as of other psychological factors - including entrepreneurial behavior and characteristics, and available sources of achievement in past and present highly achieving societies. It is the achievement motive - and not merely the profit motive or the desire for material gain - that has advanced societies economically. Consequently, individuals are not merely products of their environment, as many social scientists have asserted, but also creators of the environment, as they manipulate it in various ways in the search for achievement. Finally, a plan is hypothesized to accelerate economic growth in developing countries, by encouraging and supplementing their achievement motives through mobilizing the greater achievement resources of developed countries. The conclusion is not just that motivations shape economic progress, but that current influences on future people's motivations and values will determine economic growth in the long run. Thus, it is most beneficial for a society to concentrate its resources on creating an environment conducive to entrepreneurship and a strong ideological base for achievement. (CJC)
6,685 citations