Munich Personal RePEc Archive
A Class of Dynamic Demand Systems
Tian, Guoqiang and Chipman, John S.
1989
Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/41387/
MPRA Paper No. 41387, posted 17 Sep 2012 13:35 UTC
A Class of Dynamic Demand Systems
TL;DR: In this article, the authors derived closed-form solutions for the total consumption-expenditure function, the savings function and the demand functions from a nonstationary intertemporal utility-maximization problem under uncertainty for a class of demand systems, including the linear expenditure system (LES) from the Klein-Rubin-Samuelson (KRS) utility function.
Abstract: This paper derives closed-form solutions for the total consumption-expenditure function (i.e., aggregate consumption function), the savings function and the demand functions from a nonstationary intertemporal utility-maximization problem under uncertainty for a class of demand systems, including the linear expenditure system (LES) from the Klein-Rubin-Samuelson (KRS) utility function, the generalized linear expenditure systems (GLES) from the CES and S-branch-tree utility functions, the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) from the PIGLOG class of preferences, and the indirect addilog demand system (IADS). We do so by following Hicks’ and Tinmer’s method of maximizing a discounted utility function subject to expected constraints rather than the more fashionable method of maximizing an expected discounted utility function subject to stochastic constraints. Furthermore, the preferences are allowed to vary with the time period. Theoretical analyses for these systems are also given in this paper.
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TL;DR: In this article, real dynamical macroeconomics models of real world macroeconomic models are presented. But the authors focus on real world economic models and do not consider the real world economy.
Abstract: Introduction References and Suggested Readings PART I REAL DYNAMIC MACROECONOMIC MODELS 1. Dynamic Programming A General Intertemporal Problem A Recursive Problem Bellman's Equations Nonstochastic Examples The Optimal Linear Regulator Problem Stochastic Control Problems Examples of Stochastic Control Problems The Stochastic Linear Optimal Regulator Problem Dynamic Programming and Lucas's Critique Dynamic Games and the Time Inconsistency Phenomenon Conclusions Exercises References and Suggested Readings 2. Search Nonnegative Random Variables Stigler's Model of Search Sequential Search for the Lowest Price Mean-Preserving Spreads Increases in Risk and the Reservation Price Intertemporal Job Search Waiting Times Firing Jovanovic's Matching Model Conclusions Exercises References and Suggested Readings 3. Asset Prices and Consumption Hall's Random Walk Theory of Consumption The Random Walk Theory of Stock Prices Lucas's Model of Asset Prices Mehra and Prescott's Finite-State Version of Lucas's Model Asset Pricing More Generally The Modigliani-Miller Theorem Government Debt and the Ricardian Proposition Remarks on Testing and Estimation Conclusions Exercises References and Suggested Readings PART II MONETARY ECONOMICS AND GOVERNMENT FINANCE 4. Currency in the Utility Function The Price of Inconvertible Government Currency in Lucas's Tree Model Issues and Models in Monetary Economics Government Debt in the Utility Function Government Currency in the Utility Function Seignorage and the Optimum Quantity of Currency A Neutrality Proposition Conclusions References and Suggested Readings 5. Cash-in-Advance Models A One-Country Model Fisher Equations Inflation-Indexed Government Debt Interactions of Monetary and Fiscal Policies Interest on Reserves A Two-Country Model Exchange Rate Indeterminacy Conclusions Exercises References and Suggested Readings 6. Credit and Currency with Long-Lived Agents The Physical Setup Optimal Allocations Competitive Equilibrium A Digression on the Balances of Trade and Payments The Ricardian Doctrine about Taxes and Government Debt The Model with Valued Currency and No Private Debt An Interventionist Optimal Monetary Equilibrium Townsend's \"Turnpike\" Interpretation Conclusions Exercises References and Suggested Readings 7. Credit and Currency with Overlapping Generations The Overlapping-Generations Model The Ricardian Doctrine about Taxes and Government Debt Again A Ricardian Proposition Currency, Bonds, and Open-Market Operations Computing Equilibria Interpretations as Currency Equilibria Optimality Four Examples on Inflation and Its Causes Seignorage and the Laffer Curve Dynamics of Seignorage Forced Saving International Exchange Rates Conclusions Exercises References and Suggested Readings 8. Government Finance in Stochastic Overlapping-Generations Models The Economy Some Examples A General Irrelevance Theorem Wallace's Modigliani-Miller Theorem for Open-Market Operations Chamley and Polemarchakis's Neutrality Theorem Interpretation as a Constant Fiscal Policy Indexed Government Bonds A Ricardian Proposition Further Irrelevance Theorems Conclusions Exercises References and Suggested Readings Appendix. Functional Analysis for Macroeconomics Metric Spaces and Operators First-Order Linear Difference Equations A Formula of Hansen and Sargent A Quadratic Optimization Problem in R A Discounted Quadratic Optimization Problem Predicting a Geometric Distributed Lead of a Stochastic Process Discounted Dynamic Programming A Search Problem Exercises References and Suggested Readings Index
564 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a general-equilibrium intertemporal model of a country engaged in international trade is developed, which can be used to address a wide variety of issues of interest under the assumption that prices of tradable commodities (consumer goods and capital goods) and interest rate are exogenous to the country.
Abstract: This paper develops a very general (general-equilibrium) intertemporal model of a country engaged in international trade which can be used to address a wide variety of issues of interest — in particular, econometric application — under the assumption that prices of tradable commodities (consumer goods and capital goods) and the interest rate are exogenous to the country. It allows for an arbitrarily large number of commodities which are distinguished into seven categories and for finite or infinite periods of time. This model can be used to draw various policy conclusions. We investigate how current net imports, the balance of payments on current account, current consumption expenditure, next-period bondholdings, current wealth, and current internal prices will react to exogenous changes in current external prices, the current interest rate, current taxes, current factor endowments, and current-period bondholdings. This paper also considers the integrability of net-import demand functions.
8 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, explicit representations for very general (discrete and continuous-time) intertemporal consumption-maximization models which allow the instantaneous preferences of the consumer and the time-preference factors to vary over time and for the non-existence of utility functions, many commodities, and a wide class of preferences which do not necessarily satisfy the so-called "regularity conditions" (such as differentiability, strict convexity, boundedness, or continuity) were considered.
Abstract: This paper considers explicit representations for very general (discrete and continuous-time) intertemporal consumption-maximization models which allow the instantaneous preferences of the consumer and the time-preference factors to vary over time and for the the non-existence of utility functions, more than one generation of consumers with a given probability of death, many commodities, and, further, a wide class of preferences which do not necessarily satisfy the so-called “regularity conditions” (such as differentiability, strict convexity, boundedness, or continuity) and include most of the well-known preferences in the literature.
2 citations
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338 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an estimable structural dynamic model of married women's labour force participation and fertility in which wages are stochastic and work experience or cumulative participation is endogeneous is presented.
Abstract: This paper presents and estimates a dynamic model of married women's labour force participation and fertility in which the effect of work experience on wages is explicitly taken into account. Because current participation alters future potential earnings, the investment return to work will be an important factor in the current work decision in any forward-looking behavioural model. The model is estimated using the National Longitudinal Surveys mature women's cohort. We use the estimates of our model to predict changes in the lifecycle patterns of employment due to changes in schooling, fertility, husband's income, and the magnitude of the experience effect on wages. We find that although work experience increases the disutility of further work, the effect is overwhelmed by the positive effect of experience on wages, leading to persistence in the employment patterns of these women. In addition we find that an increase in young children and in husband's income substantially reduces participation while increased schooling has a powerful positive impact on participation. This paper presents an estimable structural dynamic model of married women's labour force participation and fertility in which wages are stochastic and work experience or cumulative participation is endogeneous. The model is structural in the sense that the parameters which are estimated are contained in the fundamental relationships governing behaviour, namely the utility function and the constraints. The model is contained in the class of models which describe the life-cycle capital accumulation process with endogeneous labour supply such as Weiss (1972) and Heckman (1976). It is closest in spirit to that of Weiss and Gronau (1981).1 The basic feature of their model and ours is that labour market participation affects future wages, which then affects future participation. The investment return to current work will necessarily be taken into account in any forward-looking optimizing model. As Weiss and Gronau note, estimates of labour supply models have ignored the inherent behavioural dynamics associated with a positive wageexperience profile. There is no adequate empirical treatment of the human capital investment dimension of the labour force participation decision in the literature. Heckman and Willis (1977) have studied a sequential discrete choice model of the labour force participation of married women in a reduced-form framework. Their work
327 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors derived the aggregate consumption function associated with the linear expenditure system (LES) from simple utility maximization procedures and derived the parameter set (β, γ) of LES plus an added parameter (μ: the ratio of the subjective rate of discount to the market rate of interest).
293 citations
Book•
20 Oct 1977
TL;DR: In this article, the changing structure of consumer preferences is viewed as it evolves in a developing economy, and broad patterns in household demand and saving are identified using national accounts data for seventeen countries which span the development spectrum; per capita GNP is used as a classification index.
Abstract: The changing structure of consumer preferences is viewed in this study as it evolves in a developing economy. Broad patterns in household demand and saving are identified using national accounts data for seventeen countries which span the development spectrum; per capita GNP is used as a classification index. Economic development is multidimensional, accompanied by phenomena such as urbanization, structural shifts in the composition of output and employment, and changes in the age structure and composition of the family. In order to take account of these aspects of economic development the authors also examine how demand and savings parameters respond to change in a number of socioeconomic and demographic variables, using household budget data from eight developing countries. The extended linear expenditure system is used as a model to estimate the responsiveness of both demand and saving to the allocation of total consumption expenditure at the margin, that is, marginal budget shares; to price and total expenditure elasticities; to marginal and average propensities to save; and to the elasticities of household saving with respect to changes in relative prices. Particular attention is paid to differences between rural and urban income and expenditures, and the central role of food prices. The authors also estimate parameters which may be said to represent subsistence expenditures.
288 citations