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Journal ArticleDOI

A code that simulates fast-ion Dα and neutral particle measurements

William Heidbrink, D. Liu, Y. Luo, E. Ruskov, Benedikt Geiger1 
01 Sep 2011-Communications in Computational Physics (Cambridge University Press)-Vol. 10, Iss: 3, pp 716-741
TL;DR: In this article, a code that predicts the efflux to a neutral particle analyzer (NPA) diagnostic and the photon radiance of Balmer-alpha light to a fast ion Dα (FIDA) diagnostic is described.
Abstract: A code that models signals produced by charge-exchange reactions between fast ions and injected neutral beams in tokamak plasmas is described. With the fast- ion distribution function as input, the code predicts the efflux to a neutral particle analyzer (NPA) diagnostic and the photon radiance of Balmer-alpha light to a fast- ion Dα (FIDA) diagnostic. Reactions with both the primary injected neutrals and with the cloud of secondary "halo" neutrals that surround the beam are treated. Accurate calculation of the fraction of neutrals that occupy excited atomic states (the collisional- radiative transition equations) is an important element of the code. Comparison with TRANSP output and other tests verify the solutions. Judicious selection of grid size and other parameters facilitate efficient solutions. The output of the code has been validated by FIDA measurements on DIII-D but further tests are warranted.

Summary (4 min read)

1 Introduction

  • Supra-thermal populations of energetic ions play an important role in magnetic fusion research.
  • Both NPA and FIDA diagnostics provide valuable information about the fast-ion distribution function but also depend sensitively on other plasma parameters and on atomic cross sections.
  • A least-squares minimization scheme that utilizes a weight function can determine which model distribution function agrees best with the data.
  • Section 3 describes tests that verify that the code correctly solves the desired equations.

2 Model

  • The code has four main sections (Fig. 1).
  • The first section prepares the data and the second calculates the neutral populations.
  • The third and fourth sections both rely on the first two sections but are independent of each other.
  • One section computes the NPA flux and the other computes the FIDA radiance.

2.1 Input data and coordinate mapping

  • The code begins by collecting the input data.
  • The code uses the conventions of the NUBEAM module [8] of the TRANSP code [9] to describe the geometry of the viewed neutral beam source (or sources).
  • For installations that do not use EFIT, a post-processor that is part of the TRANSP distribution can convert TRANSP output files into the desired format.
  • Plasma parameters are one-dimensional functions of flux coordinates.
  • Depending on the source of the theoretical fast-ion distribution function, the mapping into the (x,y,z) coordinates can be fairly complicated.

2.2 Injected and halo neutral densities

  • The second major section of FIDASIM is devoted to calculation of the injected and halo neutral distributions in real space, velocity space, and energy levels.
  • The third major simplification in the treatment of the collisional-radiative transitions is to assume that the speeds of the various species follow the ordering ve ≫v f ∼vn ∼vi ≫vI , where the subscripts represent electrons, fast ions, hydrogenic neutrals (both fast and thermal), thermal hydrogenic ions, and impurity ions, respectively.
  • From the known source, the code computes the cloud of halo neutrals that surround each injected beam.
  • The neutral is followed until it ionizes.
  • (For typical parameters, this is true for 99% of the halo neutrals, so this is an excellent approximation.).

2.3 NPA flux

  • The NPA flux is found in the third stage of the code.
  • The detector geometry determines the diagnostic viewing cone but the detected particles have guiding centers that are a gyroradius from the viewing cone.
  • The distribution function used in Eq. (2.6) is evaluated at the guiding center position.
  • The attenuation of neutrals is computed in the last part of the NPA calculation.

2.4 FIDA radiance

  • The fourth stage of the code uses a weighted Monte Carlo routine to calculate the FIDA radiance.
  • The product n f ∑nn provides a convenient estimate of the probability of a charge exchange reaction (that neglects the computationally intensive dependence of the reaction rate on the relative velocity), so this product is used to determine how many fast neutrals to launch from each cell.
  • Next, the trajectory of the fast neutral through the cells is computed by TRACK.
  • The code also performs a simple integration over these emissivities ǫi along the specified sightlines.
  • Note that the computed spectra neglect instrumental broadening.

3.1 Atomic physics

  • Atomic physics cross sections are important in two places in the code: in the calculation of neutralization probability and in the solution of Eq. (2.3) in COLRAD.
  • The required cross sections and reactivities are available in the literature and in the Atomic Data and Analysis Structure (ADAS) compilation [20, 21].
  • An alternative compilation of many of the rates appears in [26] but the effect of these differences is small compared to other uncertainties so the current version of the code uses the older compilation by Janev [24].
  • In COLRAD, rates for energy levels up to n=7 are normally employed.
  • For the initial neutralization probability, cross sections for the charge-exchange reactions between fast ions and neutrals in states n = 1−4 are given in ADAS [20].

3.2 Beam deposition

  • The calculation of the injected neutral density was compared with TRANSP for an NSTX case.
  • The neutral profiles along the y axis (perpendicular to the neutral beam source) and along the z axis (vertical to the source) axis agree well with the TRANSP simulation results (Fig. 4) and with neutral beam calibration data [27].
  • Fig. 5(b) shows the attenuation factors for 60keV neutrals along an NPA sightline for the TRANSP and FIDASIM simulations.
  • Fig. 6 compares spectra after integration over the sightline.
  • At low density, the agreement is satisfactory when halo neutrals are neglected in FIDASIM.

3.3 Halo neutrals

  • The halo neutral simulation portion of the code was verified by comparing with a onedimensional diffusion model.
  • The leftmost term in Eq. (3.2) represents the halo neutral diffusion.
  • It is not easily solved analytically for a spatially varying beam neutral profile but a solution exists for a constant source.
  • Fig. 7 shows the halo neu- tral densities calculated from the diffusion model and the Monte-Carlo halo simulation subroutine for identical plasma profiles.

3.4 FIDA spectra

  • The SPECTRUM subroutine used to compute the Dα spectra and the weighted Monte Carlo scheme were verified as follows.
  • As part of the initial investigation of the feasibility of FIDA, a simplified model of the expected spectra was developed that ignores atomic physics and assumes that the magnetic field is purely toroidal; Fig. 2 of [3] shows a result calculated by this code.
  • To test the main FIDA simulation loop, the authors replaced the magnetic field with a toroidal field and modified the cross sections to be independent of velocity.
  • The resulting spectra were consistent with the output of the simple model.

4 Numerics

  • Numerical input parameters affect both the accuracy and computational expense of a calculation.
  • Uncertainties in plasma parameters (particularly electron density) introduce uncertainties in the predicted radiance or efflux of 20% or more , so extremely fine grids are wasteful and unnecessary.
  • The neutral-beam injection energy is 80keV in this plasma.
  • The Fortran version of the code is an order of magnitude faster than the IDL version.
  • For a typical FIDA simulation with 107 reneutrals this translates to about 28 hours.

4.1 Number of Monte Carlo reneutrals launched

  • There is a linear dependence between the number of launched neutralized fast ions (or ”reneutrals”) and the computational time in the fourth section of the code.
  • Fig. 8(a) compares the spectra at the location of peak Dα emissivity (R = 187.5cm) for several simulations with varying number of launched reneutrals.
  • To eliminate the influence of the random number seed choice, the same seed value was used in all five simulations.
  • Considering the resulting spectra as the most accurate, it is instructive to compare the ratios of the spectra from simulations with less particles to the spectra from this particular simulation (Fig. 8(b)).
  • If the integration starts at half the beam injection energy, ∼3 times more particles are needed.

4.2 Simulation volume

  • The computational grid must enclose most of the interacting beam ions and neutral particles.
  • Further reduction of the grid in the x-direction to 90cm truncates a sizable fraction of the halo neutrals but the effect on the calculated spectra is still small because Further down the x-axis, the plasma density increases and, as more injected neutrals charge exchange with thermal deuterium ions, the beam halo profiles spread in both transverse directions (Fig. 11(c)).
  • The authors baseline simulation uses values of the grid half-width of 30 and 40cm in the y- and z-directions, respectively.
  • For FIDA chords that view horizontally, expanding the grid along the y-axis is more important than expanding it along the z-axis.

4.3 Cell size

  • Once the simulation volume in the (x,y,z) space is defined, the size of each cell needs to be determined.
  • Physically, the emissivity profiles depend on numerous quantities including the beam injection geometry and the plasma parameters; gradients in any of these quantities impact transverse emissivity gradients.
  • Generally speaking, owing to the line integration, the cell size in the approximate direction of the sightlines can be twice as large as in transverse directions.
  • To study the effect of coarser or finer grids, the authors use the standard 120×60×80cm computational domain and 107 particles.
  • The corresponding computational times are 63% and 22% higher.

5 Validation

  • The calculation of the injected neutrals was compared with experimental measurements of the beam-emission light in a DIII-D experiment [32].
  • After passing through a bandpass filter, two-dimensional images of the light were measured with a CCD camera.
  • The code predictions are in good agreement with measurements of the vertical extent of the beam and of the beam penetration as a function of density.
  • In MHD-quiescent DIII-D plasmas, code predictions based on the fast-ion distribution function predicted by NUBEAM have the same spectral shape as experiment and the intensity of the FIDA signal agrees to within 25%.
  • Comparison of the relative intensity of these four features is a useful check that is independent of any experimental errors in the intensity calibration.

6 Outlook

  • With plasma profiles and a fast-ion distribution function as input, FIDASIM predicts the flux measured by NPAs and the radiance measured by a Dα spectrometer.
  • One possible area of improvement is a post-processor that replaces the approximation of infinitesimal sightlines with an accurate treatment of the collection optics.
  • A more challenging upgrade is needed to treat plasmas where the fastion density is comparable to the thermal-ion density.
  • A complementary reduced model that is sufficiently fast to make predictions between discharges (for example) is needed.

Acknowledgments

  • This work has benefited from the contributions of a large number of scientists.
  • Keith Burrell, Bill Davis, Rainer Fischer, Manuel Garcı́a-Muñoz, Doug McCune, and Mike Van Zeeland gave valuable advice.
  • The authors are also indebted to their experimental collaborators on DIII-D and NSTX.
  • The originating developer of ADAS is the JET Joint Undertaking.

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Title
A code that simulates fast-ion Dα and neutral particle measurements
Permalink
https://escholarship.org/uc/item/12f712f4
Journal
Communications in Computational Physics, 10(3)
ISSN
1815-2406
Authors
Heidbrink, WW
Liu, D
Luo, Y
et al.
Publication Date
2011
DOI
10.4208/cicp.190810.080211a
Copyright Information
This work is made available under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution License,
availalbe at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Peer reviewed
eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library
University of California

Commun. Comput. Phys.
doi: 10.4208/cicp.190810.080211a
Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 716-741
September 2011
A Code that Simulates Fast-Ion D
α
and Neutral
Particle Measurements
W. W. Heidbrink
1,
, D. Liu
1,3
, Y. Luo
1,4
, E. Ruskov
1
and
B. Geiger
2
1
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine,
California, CA 92697, USA.
2
Max-Planck Institute f¨ur Plasmaphysik, Garching, Germany.
3
Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison,
WI 53706, USA.
4
Tri Alpha Energy Corporation, 27211 Burbank, Foothill Ranch, CA 92610, USA.
Received 19 August 2010; Accepted (in revised version) 8 February 2011
Available online 1 June 2011
Abstract. A code that models signals produced by charge-exchange reactions between
fast ions and injected neutral beams in tokamak plasmas is described. With the fast-
ion distribution function as input, the code predicts the efflux to a neutral particle
analyzer (NPA) diagnostic and the photon radiance of Balmer-alpha light to a fast-
ion D
α
(FIDA) diagnostic. Reactions with both the primary injected neutrals and with
the cloud of secondary ”halo” neutrals that surround the beam are treated. Accurate
calculation of the fraction of neutrals that occupy excited atomic states (the collisional-
radiative transition equations) is an important element of the code. Comparison with
TRANSP output and other tests verify the solutions. Judicious selection of grid size
and other parameters facilitate efficient solutions. The output of the code has be en
validated by FIDA measurements on DIII-D but further tests are warranted.
PACS: 52.55.Pi, 52.65.Pp, 52.70 .Kz
Key words: Fast ions.
1 Introduction
Supra-thermal populations of energetic ions play an important role in magnetic fusion
research. These ”fast ions” are created by neutral-beam injection, by RF heating, and in
fusion reactions. The distribution function that describes t h ese populations ge n erally is a
Corresponding author. Email addresses: Bill.Heidbrink@uci.edu (W. W. Heidbrink), dliu29@wisc.edu ( D.
Liu), yluo@trialphaenergy.com (Y. Luo), eruskov@uci.edu (E. Ruskov), bgeiger@ipp.mpg.de (B. Geiger)
http://www.global-sci.com/ 716
c
2011 Global-Science Press

W. W. Heidbrink et al. / Commun. Co mput. Phys., 10 (2011), pp. 716-741 717
complicated function of velocity and configuration-space variables. Measuring the fast-
ion distribution function in the harsh magnet ic fusion environment is a major diagnostic
challenge.
One approach is to exploit charge exchange reactions between energetic deuterium
ions and an injected neut r al beam. Collection of escaping n eutrals is t h e basis of neutral
particle analysis (NPA) [1], a te chnique that has been applied to tokamak plasmas for
nearly five decades [2]. A more recent technique is to analyze the visible photons emitted
by hyd rogenic fast ions that neutralize in the injected beam [3]. A review of these fast-ion
D
α
(FIDA) me asurements was recently published [4].
Both NPA and FIDA diagnostics provide valuable information about the fast-ion dis-
tribution function but also depend se n sitively on other plasma parameters and on atomic
cross sections. One way to relate the measured signals to theory is to construct a phase-
space weight function for each me asurement [5]; the signal is the convolution of the fast-
ion distribution function with the weight function. As illustrated by the examples in [4],
this approach is quite useful for rapid qualitative interpretation of the measurements. It
can also be the basis for an inversion algorithm. Although the processes are too com-
plicated for a unique inversion [6], a least-squares minimization scheme that utilizes a
weight function can dete r mine which model distribution function agrees best with the
data. An example of inference of the d istribution function from collective Thomson scat-
tering data was recently published [7].
Alternatively, one can use forward modeling. In this approach, the distribution func-
tion is a given quantity supplied by theory. The code described in this paper, dubbed
FIDASIM, takes this approach. FIDASIM accepts a theoretical distribution function as
input and predicts FIDA and NPA spectra for comparison with the data. The code is
designed to comput e ”active” s ign als produced by an injected neutral beam. (In real-
ity, collisions with edge neutrals also produce FIDA and NPA signals but the code does
not treat these ”passive” reactions.) To date, the code has been used to model measure-
ments on the DIII-D and ASDEX-Upgrade conventional tokamaks and on the NSTX and
MAST spherical t okamaks. An early version of the code was described in the Appendix
of [3]. This paper describes version 3.0 and is organized as follows. Section 2 presents
the assumptions and organization of the code. Section 3 describes tests that verify that
the code correctly solves the desired equations. Section 4 explains the optimal selection
of n umerical parameters in terms of phy sical processes. Section 5 summarizes validation
by experiment. Section 6 provides an outloo k for further tests and improvements.
2 Model
The code has fou r main sections (Fig. 1). The first section prepares the data and the
second calculates t h e neut r al populations. The third and fourth sections bo th rely on the
first two sections but are indepen dent of each other. One s ection comp utes the NPA flux
and the other computes the FIDA radiance.

718 W. W. Heidbrink et al. / Commun. Comput. Phys., 10 (2011), pp. 716-741
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Figure 1: Flow diagram for the FIDASIM code.
2.1 Input data and coordinate mapping
The code begins by collecting the input data. The geome try o f the source of injected neu-
trals is specified first. In some devices (such as NSTX) the detector sightlines intersect
several beams, so the code can accommodate multiple beam lines. The code uses the
conventions of the NUBEAM module [8] of the TRANSP code [9] to describe the geome-
try of the viewed neutral beam source (or sources). Each tok amak has its own subroutine
called, e.g., BEAM GEOMETRY D3D. As in NUBE AM, the neutral beam is described by
rectangular source and aperture dimensions and by fo cal lengths and d ivergences in both
the horizontal and ve r tical directions. The beam energy, power, and species mix between
full-energy, h alf-energy, and third-energy components are also input parameters.

W. W. Heidbrink et al. / Commun. Co mput. Phys., 10 (2011), pp. 716-741 719
Next, th e code collects information about the detector locations and sightlines. For
FIDA, the ”detector” location is actually t h e position of the primary lens (or mirror) of the
collection optics, s ince it is this position that det ermines the Doppler shift of th e emitted
radiation. For an NPA, bot h the sightlines and the solid angles are specified.
Information on the equilibrium is input using the so-called ”eqdsk format produced
by the EFIT equilibrium code [10]. For installations that do not use EFIT, a post-processor
that is part of the TRANSP distribution can convert TRANSP output files into the desired
format.
The code requires profiles of electron density and temp erature, ion temperature and
toroidal rotation, and impurity de n sity as a function of flux sur face. (Th ese quantities are
all assumed to be flux functions.) A subroutine exists that conver ts TRANSP o utput into
the d esired format.
The final major piece of input data is the theo retical fast-ion distribution function,
which can have a complicated dependence on energy E, pitch p =v
k
/v, and space r. (As
in TRANSP, pos itive p is defined by the direction of the plasma current rather than by
the d irection of the toroidal field.)
Three distinct coordinate systems are utilized in t h e initial stages of t h e code (Fig. 2).
The beam and dete ctor geometries are specified in right-handed Cartesian (u,v,z) coor-
dinates w ith origin the center of the tokamak and z the vertical direction. Plasma pa-
rameters are one-dimensional functions of flux coordinates. Because neutrals travel in
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Figure 2: Plan view of NSTX. Geometrical neutral beam and detector input to the code is in (u,v,z) coordinates.
Neutral beam parameters (upper case labels) follow the TRANSP conventions. The code transforms quantities
into (x,y,z) co ordinates along the selected beam.

Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the high-energy feature (HEF) is observed on the NB-injected energetic-ion spectrum only in discharges where tearing or kink-type modes (f 1000 kHz) is usually sporadic or absent during the HEF event.
Abstract: In the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX), a large increase in the charge exchange neutral flux localized around the neutral beam (NB) injection full energy is measured using a neutral particle analyser. Termed the high-energy feature (HEF), it appears on the NB-injected energetic-ion spectrum only in discharges where tearing or kink-type modes (f 1000 kHz) is usually sporadic or absent during the HEF event. The HEF exhibits growth times of Δt ~ 20–80 ms, durations spanning 100–600 ms and peak-to-base flux ratios up to H = Fmax/Fmin ~ 10. In infrequent cases, a slowing-down distribution below the HEF energy can develop that continues to evolve over periods of order 100 ms, a time scale long compared with the typical fast-ion equilibration times. HEFs are observed only in H-mode (not L-mode) discharges with injected power Pb ≥ 4 MW and in the pitch range χ ≡ v||/v ~ 0.7–0.9; i.e. only for passing particles. Increases of order 10–30% in the measured neutron yield and total stored energy that are observed to coincide with the feature appear to be driven by concomitant broadening of measured Te(r), Ti(r) and ne(r) profiles and not the HEF itself. While the HEF has minimal impact on plasma performance, it nevertheless poses a challenging wave–particle interaction phenomenon to understand. Candidate mechanisms for HEF formation are developed based on quasilinear (QL) theory of wave–particle interaction. The only mechanism found to lead to the large NPA flux ratios, H = Fmax/Fmin, observed in NSTX is the QL evolution of the energetic-ion distribution, Fb(E, χ, r), in phase space. A concomitant loss of some particles is observed due to interaction through cyclotron resonance of the particles with destabilized modes having sufficiently high frequencies, f ~ 700–1000 kHz, in the plasma frame that are tentatively identified as GAEs.

9 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The neutral beam injection (NBI) system at Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) was operated for the first time in 2018, and detailed calorimetric measurements were carried out to accurately determine the energy flow within the NBI system and the injected power into the plasma.

9 citations

DOI
D. Rittich1
01 Jan 2018
TL;DR: In this article, a deviation of the neoclassical prediction of the fast ion behavior was found and two independent explanations were found, which were in agreement within all measurements, which are in agreement with the experimental proven remaining inductive current fraction.
Abstract: For the development of scenarios for future fusion devices a valid quantitative model of the non-inductive current drive mechanism is necessary. Neutral beam current drive is the largest non-inductive current drive mechanism for ITER. This NBCD is driven by fast ions and in the literature doubts about the neoclassical behavior of these fast-ions in off-axis neutral beam current drive experiments can be found. To investigate this, experiments at ASDEX Upgrade were revisited with improved diagnostic capabilities. Again a deviation of the neoclassical prediction was found. For this deviation two independent explanations were found, which are in agreement within all measurements. Furthermore, quantitative investigations of the non-inductively driven current were done in almost fully non-inductive experiments. An initial overestimation of the non-inductive contribution was explained by an overrated fast ion content. An equilibrium based technique to get rid of the overestimation, was independently proven using fast-ion D-alpha spectroscopy. The predicted current composition using this reduced fast ion content is in good agreement with the experimental proven remaining inductive current fraction.

9 citations


Cites methods from "A code that simulates fast-ion Dα a..."

  • ...Figure 4 shows the comparison of FIDA measurements with TRANSP calculations post processed by FIDASIM....

    [...]

  • ...FIDASIM is a tool to post process TRANSP calculated fast-ion distributions towards a synthetic diagnostic....

    [...]

  • ...In figure 2 a first comparison of the measured FIDA data with predictions from TRANSP processed with FIDASIM [10] is shown....

    [...]

  • ...Applying these diffusion coefficients in a TRANSP calculation and post processing this simulation by FIDASIM leads to the FIDA prediction shown in figure 6....

    [...]

References
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Journal Article
A. Gibson, Tadashi Sekiguchi, K. Lackner1, S. Bodner, R. Hancox 
TL;DR: In this paper, the first experiments in JET have been described, which show that this large tokamak behaves in a similar manner to smaller tokak, but with correspondingly improved plasma parameters.
Abstract: FIRST EXPERIMENTS IN JET. Results obtained from JET since June 1983 are described which show that this large tokamak behaves in a similar manner to smaller tokamaks, but with correspondingly improved plasma parameters. Long-duration hydrogen and deuterium plasmas (>10 s) have been obtained with electron temperatures reaching > 4 keV for power dissipations < 3 MW and with * Euratom-IPP Association, Institut fur Plasmaphysik, Garching, Federal Republic of Germany. ** Euratom-ENEA Association, Centro di Frascati, Italy. *** Euratom-UKAEA Association, Culham Laboratory, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom. **** University of Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, Federal Republic of Germany. + Euratom-Ris0 Association, Ris National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark. ++ Euratom-CNR Association, Istituto di Física del Plasma, Milan, Italy. +++ Imperial College of Science and Technology, University of London, London, United Kingdom. ++++ Euratom-FOM Association, FOM Instituut voor Plasmafysica,. Nieuwegein, Netherlands. ® Euratom-Suisse Association, Centre de Recherches en Physique des Plasmas, Lausanne, Switzerland.

3,647 citations

Book
25 Sep 1987
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors introduce a glossary of fast ions and fusion products, including fast ions, fast ion, and fast ion fusion products and their applications in the field of magnetic diagnostics.
Abstract: Preface to first edition Preface to second edition 1. Plasma diagnostics 2. Magnetic diagnostics 3. Plasma particle flux 4. Refractive-index measurements 5. Electromagnetic emission by free electrons 6. Electromagnetic radiation from bound electrons 7. Scattering of electromagnetic radiation 8. Neutral atom diagnostics 9. Fast ions and fusion products Appendices Glossary.

1,691 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an efficient method is given to reconstruct the current profile parameters, the plasma shape, and a current profile consistent with the magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium constraint from external magnetic measurements, based on a Picard iteration approach.
Abstract: An efficient method is given to reconstruct the current profile parameters, the plasma shape, and a current profile consistent with the magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium constraint from external magnetic measurements, based on a Picard iteration approach which approximately conserves the measurements. Computational efforts are reduced by parametrizing the current profile linearly in terms of a number of physical parameters. Results of detailed comparative calculations and a sensitivity study are described. Illustrative calculations to reconstruct the current profiles and plasma shapes in ohmically and auxiliarily heated Doublet III plasmas are given which show many interesting features of the current profiles.

1,587 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The NUBEAM module as mentioned in this paper is a comprehensive computational model for Neutral Beam Injection (NBI) in tokamaks, which is used to compute power deposition, driven current, momentum transfer, fueling, and other profiles.

636 citations

Frequently Asked Questions (1)
Q1. What are the contributions in this paper?

With the fastion distribution function as input, the code predicts the efflux to a neutral particle analyzer ( NPA ) diagnostic and the photon radiance of Balmer-alpha light to a fastion Dα ( FIDA ) diagnostic. The output of the code has been validated by FIDA measurements on DIII-D but further tests are warranted.