A colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxalacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases.
01 Jul 1957-American Journal of Clinical Pathology (AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY)-Vol. 28, Iss: 1, pp 56-63
About: This article is published in American Journal of Clinical Pathology.The article was published on 1957-07-01. It has received 9424 citations till now.
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: Findings support the potential use of bilosomes for improving the hepatoprotective activity of SM via oral administration and reveal an enhanced hepatoprotsective effect of SM-loaded bilosome/liposomes compared to free drug.
Abstract: The main objective of the present work was to formulate, characterize, and evaluate silymarin (SM)-loaded bilosomes, compared to conventional liposomes, aiming at increasing the hepatoprotective activity of the drug. SM-loaded bilosomes were prepared by thin film hydration technique employing soybean phosphatidyl choline (SPC) and different bile salts. After being subjected to different methods of characterization, SM-loaded bilosomes were investigated for their hepatoprotective activity, in CCl4 hepatointoxicated rat model. The developed SM dispersions exhibited an entrapment efficiency ranging from 21.80 ± 2.01 to 84.54 ± 2.51% and a particle size diameter in the nanometric dimensions (413 ± 96.9 to 686.9 ± 62.38 nm), with a negative zeta potential values (<–45 mV). In vitro release study revealed a lower cumulative amount of drug released from the developed formulae, compared to free drug. Ex vivo intestinal uptake study, performed using confocal laser scanning calorimetry, revealed the superio...
60 citations
Cites methods from "A colorimetric method for the deter..."
...Hepatoprotective activity Adopting the procedure described by [60], serum activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were determined in serum samples....
[...]
TL;DR: The cellular findings reported here do suggest that purified carboxylated functionalized SWCNT has the potential to induce hepatotoxicity in Swiss–Webster mice through activation of the mechanisms of oxidative stress, which is of sufficient significance to warrant in vivo animal exposure studies.
Abstract: With their unique physicochemical properties, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have many potential new applications in medicine and industry. A biomedical application of single-wall carbon nanotubes such as drug delivery requires a fundamental understanding of their fate and toxicological profile after administration. However, the toxicity of SWCNT is barely known when they are introduced into the blood circulation, which is especially vital for their biomedical applications. The aim of this study was to assess the effects, after intraperitoneal injection, of functionalized SWCNTs (carboxyl groups) on reactive oxygen species (ROS) induction and various hepatotoxicity markers (ALT, AST, ALP, LPO and morphology of liver) in the mouse model. We exposed mice to three different concentrations of functionalized SWCNTs (0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 mg kg−1 b.w.) and two controls (negative and positive). Samples were collected 24 h after the last treatment following standard protocols. Exposure to carboxylated functionalized SWCNT induced ROS and enhanced the activities of serum amino-transferases (ALT/AST) and alkaline phosphatases (ALP) and the concentration of lipid hydroperoxide compared with control. Histopathology of the exposed liver showed a statistically significant effect in the morphological alterations of the tissue compared with controls. The cellular findings reported here do suggest that purified carboxylated functionalized SWCNT has the potential to induce hepatotoxicity in Swiss–Webster mice through activation of the mechanisms of oxidative stress, which is of sufficient significance to warrant in vivo animal exposure studies. However, more studies to clarify the role of functionalization in the in vivo toxicity of SWCNTs are required and parallel comparison is preferred. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
60 citations
Cites methods from "A colorimetric method for the deter..."
...A method by Reitman and Frankel (1957) was followed to determine the activities of alanine or glutamate pyruvate transaminase (ALT/GPT) and aspartate or glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (AST/GOT) in serum....
[...]
TL;DR: A possible mechanism of cadmium-induced hepatoxicity was discussed and the fact that a minimum of 21 day-exposure was needed to alter the cellular architecture was indicated.
Abstract: In the present investigation sub-chronic hepatic necrosis was induced by cadmium chloride and was examined biochemically, haematologically and histopathologically in order to study the time-dependent effect and correlation among the parameters. Male balb/c mice were injected with cadmium chloride (2.5 mg/kg bw s.c.) for each other day and, sacrificed on the 7th day, 14th day and 21th day post exposure. Body weight and relative liver weight did not show alteration at any of the time point following the treatment but the tissue cadmium level showed progressive significant increment values with the advancement of time exposure. Most of the biochemical parameters (total protein, DNA, RNA, cytochrome P450 cotents, alkaline phosphatase and UDP glucuronyl transferase activities), haematological parameters (total red blood cells, total white blood cell, differential white blood cell counts, haemoglobin, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, plasma protein) indicated either no or less on the alterations/7th day following cadmium exposure. Both the light and transmission electron microscopy, on the other hand, indicated the fact that a minimum of 21 day-exposure was needed to alter the cellular architecture. So, a certain amount of cadmium load might be required to adversely affect the cellular architecture preceeded by biochemical and haematological alterations. In this connection, in the present study a possible mechanism of cadmium-induced hepatoxicity was discussed.
60 citations
Cites methods from "A colorimetric method for the deter..."
...The serum was separated by centrifuging at 2,000g for 10 min at 4◦C and, the activities were measured by the method of Reitman and Frankel (1979)....
[...]
TL;DR: The results suggest that the liver is a major source of phospholipase A of postheparin plasma and the fact that dibutyryl cyclic AMP affects the release of these enzymes suggests an additional mechanism for hormonal regulation of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism.
60 citations
TL;DR: The results obtained from the present study suggest that oral administration of Spirulina fusiformis extract provides protection against mercuric chloride induced toxicity in Swiss albino mice.
Abstract: The protective effect of Spirulina fusiformis extract against mercury toxicity studied in Swiss albino mice. Animals treated with HgCl2 (5.0 mg/kg b.wt. i.p.) showed a significant elevation in lipid peroxidation level (LPO), aspartate amino transferase (AST) and alanine amino transferase (ALT) activity. However, a marked decline in serum alkaline phosphatase activity and reduced glutathione (GSH) content was recorded. Whereas, animals treated with Spirulina fusiformis extract (800 mg/kg b.wt. orally) before and after mercury intoxication showed a significant decrease in LPO level, AST and ALT activity and increase in serum alkaline phosphatase activity and GSH content. Spirulina fusiformis alone treatment did not alter reduced glutathione, AST, ALT and alkaline phosphatase activity but significantly diminishes the LPO level. Thus, the results obtained from the present study suggest that oral administration of Spirulina fusiformis extract provides protection against mercuric chloride induced toxicity in Swiss albino mice.
60 citations