A Common Work Space for a Mutual Enrichment of Human-Machine Cooperation and Team-Situation Awareness
01 Jan 2013-Vol. 46, Iss: 15, pp 387-394
TL;DR: The main team-SA constructs are synthesized, principles of humans-machines cooperation are presented and a Common Work Space is presented as a medium that allow cooperation in order to enrich team- SA constructs.
Abstract: Especially in life-critical systems decision-making entails cognitive functions such as monitoring, as well as fault prevention and recovery. People involved in the control and management of such systems play two kinds of roles: positive thanks to their unique involvement and capacity to deal with the unexpected; and negative with their ability to make errors. But they are also able to detect and correct these mistakes and able to learn from them. Thus human-machine system designer can allow the humans an innovative behavior to be “aware” and to cope with unknown situations by enhancing Situation Awareness (SA). As humans are more and more involved in collective works the constructs of team-SA are important. But the literature shows a great variety and some incoherence in their definitions. That makes difficult to build a design methodology favoring human SA. In parallel, human machine cooperation models have been developed in the last two decades and validated in different dynamic application fields: Air Traffic Control, fighter aircraft cockpit, reconnaissance robot. These studies showed an increase of the problem solving capabilities and a decrease of workload when the tasks are performed by cooperative teams. In this paper we first synthesize main team-SA constructs, we then present principles of humans-machines cooperation and present a Common Work Space as a medium that allow cooperation. We propose to extend it in order to enrich team-SA constructs.
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TL;DR: The lack of attention paid to the correct integration of humans in Intelligent Manufacturing Systems is highlighted and solutions based on Human-Machine Cooperation principles to retain humans in the process control loop with different levels of involvement identified by the levels of automation are provided.
206 citations
01 Jan 2016
TL;DR: In this article, the relationship between shared control and human-machine cooperation is viewed as similar to the sharp, pointy tip and the (blunt) shaft of a spear.
Abstract: As an introduction to the session of shared and cooperative control, this article will briefly look into the history, start with definitions and sketch a common framework of shared and cooperative control that sees the two phrases not as different concepts, but as different perspectives or foci on a common design space of shared intentionality, control and cooperation between humans and machines. One working hypothesis which the session will explore is that shared control can be understood as cooperation at the control level, while human machine cooperation can include shared control, but can also extend towards cooperation at higher levels, e.g. of guidance and navigation, of maneuvers and goals. We propose to view the relationship between shared control and human-machine cooperation as being similar to the relationship between the sharp, pointy tip and the (blunt) shaft of a spear. Shared control is where cooperation comes sharply into effect at the control level, but to be truly effective it should be supported by cooperation on all levels of interaction beyond the control level, e.g. on the guidance and navigation level.
81 citations
TL;DR: The ideas of the paper will support the design of new analysis and control tools jointly made by researchers from social and control sciences to study the resilience of the whole CPHS in terms of dissonances.
61 citations
TL;DR: This special issue of shared and cooperative control will look into history of tools in cooperation between humans and aim to unify the plethora of related concepts and definitions that have been proposed in recent years, such as shared control, human–machine cooperation and cooperative guidance and control.
Abstract: To introduce this special issue of shared and cooperative control, we will look into history of tools in cooperation between humans and aim to unify the plethora of related concepts and definitions that have been proposed in recent years, such as shared control, human–machine cooperation and cooperative guidance and control. Concretely, we provide definitions to relate these concepts and sketch a unifying framework of shared and cooperative control that sees the different concepts as different perspectives or foci on a common design space of shared intentionality, control and cooperation between humans and machines. One working hypothesis which the article explores is that shared control can be understood as cooperation at the control layer, while human–machine cooperation can include shared control, but can also extend towards cooperation at higher layers, e.g., of guidance and navigation, of maneuvers and goals. The relationship between shared control and human–machine cooperation is compared to the relationship between the sharp, pointy tip and the (blunt) shaft of a spear. Shared control is where cooperation comes sharply into effect at the control layer, but to be truly effective it should be supported by cooperation on all layers beyond the operational layer, e.g., on the tactical and strategic layer. A fourth layer addresses the meta-communication about the cooperation and supports the other three layers in a traversal way.
59 citations
Cites background from "A Common Work Space for a Mutual En..."
...Therefore, Common Work Space supports team Situation Awareness (Millot and Pacaux-Lemoine 2013)....
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TL;DR: An overview of augmenting collaborative cognition from an analytic and model-based decision-making perspective and a research roadmap towards cyber-physical-human analysis is deliberated to reveal a variety of opportunities of developing novel methods for enhancing affective cognition and perception learning, trust dynamics modelling, human cognitive performance prediction, as well as human-automation interaction optimisation.
Abstract: The importance of augmenting human-technology collaborative cognition has been envisioned as one of the fundamental ways to bolster human cognition through human-automation interaction in complex m...
40 citations
Cites background from "A Common Work Space for a Mutual En..."
...An important human aspect that concerns willingness to collaborate is self-confidence and trust, which is pertaining to relationships between humans, as well as between humans and automation agents (Millot and Pacaux-Lemoine 2013)....
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References
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TL;DR: A theoretical model of situation awareness based on its role in dynamic human decision making in a variety of domains is presented and design implications for enhancing operator situation awareness and future directions for situation awareness research are explored.
Abstract: This paper presents a theoretical model of situation awareness based on its role in dynamic human decision making in a variety of domains. Situation awareness is presented as a predominant concern in system operation, based on a descriptive view of decision making. The relationship between situation awareness and numerous individual and environmental factors is explored. Among these factors, attention and working memory are presented as critical factors limiting operators from acquiring and interpreting information from the environment to form situation awareness, and mental models and goal-directed behavior are hypothesized as important mechanisms for overcoming these limits. The impact of design features, workload, stress, system complexity, and automation on operator situation awareness is addressed, and a taxonomy of errors in situation awareness is introduced, based on the model presented. The model is used to generate design implications for enhancing operator situation awareness and future directio...
7,470 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: In this paper, a discussion of the requirement for different types of models for representing performance at the skill-, rule-, and knowledge-based levels, together with a review of the different levels in terms of signals, signs, and symbols is presented.
Abstract: The introduction of information technology based on digital computers for the design of man-machine interface systems has led to a requirement for consistent models of human performance in routine task environments and during unfamiliar task conditions. A discussion is presented of the requirement for different types of models for representing performance at the skill-, rule-, and knowledge-based levels, together with a review of the different levels in terms of signals, signs, and symbols. Particular attention is paid to the different possible ways of representing system properties which underlie knowledge-based performance and which can be characterised at several levels of abstraction-from the representation of physical form, through functional representation, to representation in terms of intention or purpose. Furthermore, the role of qualitative and quantitative models in the design and evaluation of interface systems is mentioned, and the need to consider such distinctions carefully is discussed.
3,038 citations
TL;DR: Two studies are presented that investigate questions of validity and intrusiveness regarding a query-based technique that requires that a simulation of the operational tasks be momentarily interrupted in order to query operators on their situation awareness.
Abstract: Methodologies for the empirical measurement of situation awareness are reviewed, including a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of each method and the potential limitations of the measures from a theoretical and practical viewpoint. Two studies are presented that investigate questions of validity and intrusiveness regarding a query-based technique. This technique requires that a simulation of the operational tasks be momentarily interrupted in order to query operators on their situation awareness. The results of the two studies indicate that the query technique is not intrusive on normal subject behavior during the trial and does not suffer from limitations of human memory, which provides an indication of empirical validity. The results of other validity studies regarding the technique are discussed along with recommendations for its use in measuring situation awareness in varied settings.
1,812 citations
"A Common Work Space for a Mutual En..." refers background or methods in this paper
...Situation Awareness (SA) “is the decorative term given to the level of awareness that an individual has of a situation, an operator’s dynamic understanding of what is going on” (Endsley, 1995a)....
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...…for defining SA, based on mainly two concepts: for some authors SA is the process to collect and understand information, for instance based on Neisser perception theory (Neisser, 1976), for others SA is the product of mental mechanisms of perception and information processing (Endsley, 1995a)....
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...SA three-level model adapted from Endsley (1995a) Another argument in favor of Endsley’s three-level model is the associated SA measurement called SAGAT (Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique) she proposes (Endsley, 1995b)....
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...- shared SA: according to Endsley (1995a) it refers to the level of overlap in common SA elements between team members and the degree to which every team member possesses the SA required for his/her responsibilities; - distributed SA: Stanton et al. (2006) suggested that “SArelated knowledge is…...
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TL;DR: An experiment is reported to characterize the changes in operators' trust during an interaction with a semi-automatic pasteurization plant, and a regression model identifies the causes of changes in trust and a 'trust transfer function' is developed using time series analysis to describe the dynamics of trust.
Abstract: As automated controllers supplant human intervention in controlling complex systems, the operators' role often changes from that of an active controller to that of a supervisory controller. Acting as supervisors, operators can choose between automatic and manual control. Improperly allocating function between automatic and manual control can have negative consequences for the performance of a system. Previous research suggests that the decision to perform the job manually or automatically depends, in part, upon the trust the operators invest in the automatic controllers. This paper reports an experiment to characterize the changes in operators' trust during an interaction with a semi-automatic pasteurization plant, and investigates the relationship between changes in operators' control strategies and trust. A regression model identifies the causes of changes in trust, and a ‘trust transfer function’ is developed using lime series analysis to describe the dynamics of trust. Based on a detailed analysis of ...
1,280 citations
TL;DR: Characteristics of team situation awareness are delineated and implications are discussed and research questions are outlined that target the measurement and training of situation awareness in teams.
Abstract: Situation awareness has long been recognized as an important variable in aviation performance. Research to date has focused on identifying characteristics of situation awareness for individuals, not on the behaviors and processes associated with team situation awareness. The purpose of this review is to delineate and identify characteristics of team situation awareness. In addition, implications are discussed and research questions are outlined that target the measurement and training of situation awareness in teams.
597 citations
"A Common Work Space for a Mutual En..." refers background in this paper
...…the different meanings described in the literature and related to the SA acquired by several people and/or artificial cognitive systems: - team-SA: Salas et al. (1995) suggested “a shared understanding of a situation among team members”; Shu & Furuta (2005) on the base of Endsley’s model proposed…...
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...Several researchers have developed frameworks to understand and describe how Situation Awareness can be managed collectively in a group of humans and artificial agents (Salas et al. 1995, Furuta et al. 2005, Salmon et al. 2008)....
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