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Journal Article•DOI•

A comparative experimental study on the use of acoustic emission and vibration analysis for bearing defect identification and estimation of defect size

Abdullah M. Al-Ghamd1, David2•
Saudi Aramco1, Cranfield University2
01 Oct 2006-Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing (Academic Press)-Vol. 20, Iss: 7, pp 1537-1571
TL;DR: In this paper, an experimental investigation reported in this paper was centred on the application of the acoustic emission (AE) technique for identifying the presence and size of a defect on a radially loaded bearing.
About: This article is published in Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing.The article was published on 2006-10-01 and is currently open access. It has received 403 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Acoustic emission & Bearing (mechanical).

Summary (1 min read)

Jump to: [Introduction] – [2. Bearing defect diagnosis and Acoustic Emissions] – [4. Data Acquisition System and signal processing] – [8. Analysis Procedure] – [11. Discussions] and [12 Conclusion]

Introduction

  • AE's are defined as the transient elastic waves generated by the interaction of two surfaces in relative motion.
  • The interaction of surface asperities and impingement of the bearing rollers over the seeded defect on the outer race will generate AE's.
  • Due to the high frequency content of the AE signatures typical mechanical noise (less than 20kHz) is eliminated.

2. Bearing defect diagnosis and Acoustic Emissions

  • This paper investigates the relationship between AE r.m.s, amplitude and kurtosis for a range of defect conditions, offering a more comparative study than is presently available in the public domain.
  • Moreover, comparisons with vibration analysis are presented.
  • The source of AE from seeded defects on bearings, which has not been investigated to date, is presented showing conclusively that the dominant AE source mechanism for defect conditions is asperity contact.
  • Finally a relationship between the defect size and AE burst duration is presented, the first known detailed attempt.

4. Data Acquisition System and signal processing

  • By far the most prominent method for vibration diagnosis is the Fast Fourier Transform.
  • This has the advantage that a direct association with the characteristics of rotating machine can be obtained.
  • Other vibration parameters include 'peak-to-peak', 'zero-to-peak', r.m.s, crest factor and kurtosis.
  • The kurtosis value increases with bearing defect severity however, as severity worsens the kurtosis value can reduce.
  • Whilst r.m.s may show marked increases in vibration with degradation, failures can occur with only a slight increase or decrease in levels.

8. Analysis Procedure

  • For test programme-2 observations of AE burst duration, r.m.s and amplitude for the various defect sizes were undertaken.
  • The burst duration was obtained by calculating the duration from the point at which the AE response was higher than the underlying background noise level to the point at which it returned to the underlying noise level.
  • This procedure was undertaken for every data file and the average value for each simulated case is presented.

11. Discussions

  • Correspondingly the average CV for equivalent vibration parameters was 11%, 26% and 43%.
  • This showed that the kurtosis measurements/calculations had a greater variability about the average value than r.m.s and maximum amplitude.
  • For test programme-2 the CV was less than 20% for AE parameters and just over 30% for vibration parameters.

12 Conclusion

  • It has been shown that the fundamental source of AE in seeded defect tests was due to material protrusions above the mean surface roughness.
  • Also, AE r.m.s, maximum amplitude and kurtosis have all been shown to be more sensitive to the onset and growth of defects than vibration measurements.
  • A relationship between the AE burst duration and the defect length has been presented.

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Figures (36)
Citations
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Cites background from "A comparative experimental study on..."

  • ...Although some research shows that the used of acoustic signal is better than vibration signal due to its sensitivity and accuracy (see Al-Ghamd & Mba, 2006; Baydar & Ball, 2001; Tandon et al., 2007), but in practice the application of acoustic signal may not appropriate due to the significant…...

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A review on data-driven fault severity assessment in rolling bearings

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Mariela Cerrada1, Mariela Cerrada2, René-Vinicio Sánchez1, Chuan Li3, Fannia Pacheco4, Diego Cabrera1, José Valente de Oliveira, Rafael E. Vásquez5 •
Politecnica Salesiana University1, University of Los Andes2, Chongqing Technology and Business University3, University of Pau and Pays de l'Adour4, Pontifical Bolivarian University5
15 Jan 2018-Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing
TL;DR: In this article, a review of fault severity assessment of rolling bearing components is presented, focusing on data-driven approaches such as signal processing for extracting proper fault signatures associated with the damage degradation, and learning approaches that are used to identify degradation patterns with regards to health conditions.

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A review on signal processing techniques utilized in the fault diagnosis of rolling element bearings

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Akhand Rai1, S. H. Upadhyay1•
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee1
01 Apr 2016-Tribology International
TL;DR: In this article, the authors have presented the various signal processing methods applied to the fault diagnosis of rolling element bearings with the objective of giving an opportunity to the examiners to decide and select the best possible signal analysis method as well as the excellent defect representative features for future application in the prognostic approaches.

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Rolling element bearings multi-fault classification based on the wavelet denoising and support vector machine

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Saeed Abbasion1, Ahmad Rafsanjani1, Anoushiravan Farshidianfar2, Nilgoon Irani3•
Iran University of Science and Technology1, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad2, Amirkabir University of Technology3
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors used wavelet analysis and support vector machine (SVM) for multi-fault detection in an electric motor with two rolling bearings, one of them was next to the output shaft and the other one was near the fan and for each of them there is one normal form and three false forms, which make 8 forms for study.

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A summary of fault modelling and predictive health monitoring of rolling element bearings

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Idriss El-Thalji1, Erkki Jantunen1•
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References
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Journal Article•DOI•
Acoustic emission - 2: Acoustic emission amplitudes

[...]

A.A. Pollock
01 Oct 1973-Non-destructive Testing
TL;DR: In this paper, the amplitude of acoustic emission is discussed and its usefulness as a source of information is discussed. And the amplitude sorting method has a significant future role as part of a more complete characterization of emission signals.
Abstract: The author discusses the significance of the amplitude of acoustic emission and its usefulness as a source of information. He describes the theory and application of amplitude sorting. He also presents some experimental results and concludes that the method has a significant future role as part of a more complete characterization of emission signals.

779 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Bearing defect diagnosis and acoustic emission

[...]

A Morhain
01 Apr 2003
TL;DR: In this article, an experimental test rig was modified such that defects could be seeded onto the inner and outer races of a test bearing, providing a realistic test for fault diagnosis, in addition to a review of current diagnostic methods for applying acoustic emission to bearing diagnosis.
Abstract: Acoustic emission (AE) was originally developed for non-destructive testing of static structures, but over the years its application has been extended to health monitoring of rotating machines and bearings. It offers the advantage of earlier defect detection in comparison with vibration analysis. However, limitations in the successful application of the AE technique for monitoring bearings have been partly due to the difficulty in processing, interpreting and classifying the acquired data. The investigation reported in this paper was centred on the application of standard AE characteristic parameters on a radially loaded bearing. An experimental test rig was modified such that defects could be seeded onto the inner and outer races of a test bearing. As the test rig was adapted for this purpose, it offered high background acoustic emission noise providing a realistic test for fault diagnosis. In addition to a review of current diagnostic methods for applying AE to bearing diagnosis, the results of ...

126 citations

"A comparative experimental study on..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Morhain et al [11] showed successful application of AE to monitoring split bearings with seeded defects on the inner and outer races....

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Journal Article•DOI•
The application of vibration signature analysis and acoustic emission source location to on-line condition monitoring of anti-friction bearings

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L.M. Rogers
01 Apr 1979-Tribology International
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the detection of incipient failure of rolling element bearings by kurtosis and the location of fatigue cracks in slowly rotating bearings by acoustic emission, as well as the location and timing of the fatigue cracks.

101 citations

"A comparative experimental study on..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...Roger [2] utilised the AE technique for monitoring slow rotating anti-friction slew bearings on cranes employed for gas production....

    [...]

Journal Article•DOI•
Condition monitoring of slow-speed rolling element bearings using stress waves:

[...]

N Jamaludin1, R. H. Bannister1•
Cranfield University1
01 Nov 2001
TL;DR: In this paper, condition monitoring of rolling element bearings through the use of vibration analysis is an established technique for detecting early stages of component degradation, however, this success may not be sustainable in the long run.
Abstract: Condition monitoring of rolling element bearings through the use of vibration analysis is an established technique for detecting early stages of component degradation. However, this success...

98 citations

"A comparative experimental study on..." refers background in this paper

  • ...In addition, successful applications of AE to bearing diagnosis for extremely slow rotational speeds have been reported [3, 4]....

    [...]

Journal Article•DOI•
Condition monitoring of low-speed rotating machinery using stress waves Part 1

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R H Bannister1, G E Findlay2•
Cranfield University1, University of Warwick2
01 Aug 1999
TL;DR: Condition monitoring through the use of vibration analysis is an established and effective technique for detecting the loss of mechanical integrity of a wide range and classification of rotating machinery.
Abstract: Condition monitoring through the use of vibration analysis is an established and effective technique for detecting the loss of mechanical integrity of a wide range and classification of rot...

71 citations

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Frequently Asked Questions (1)
Q1. What contributions have the authors mentioned in the paper "A comparative experimental study on the use of acoustic emission and vibration analysis for bearing defect identification and estimation of defect size" ?

The experimental investigation reported in this paper was centered on the application of the Acoustic Emission technique for identifying the presence and size of a defect on a radially loaded bearing. Furthermore, the AE technique also provided an indication of the defect size, allowing the user to monitor the rate of degradation on the bearing ; unachievable with vibration analysis.