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Journal Article•DOI•

A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010

Stephen S Lim1, Theo Vos, Abraham D. Flaxman1, Goodarz Danaei2  +207 more•Institutions (92)
15 Dec 2012-The Lancet (Elsevier)-Vol. 380, Iss: 9859, pp 2224-2260
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors estimated deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs; sum of years lived with disability [YLD] and years of life lost [YLL]) attributable to the independent effects of 67 risk factors and clusters of risk factors for 21 regions in 1990 and 2010.
About: This article is published in The Lancet.The article was published on 2012-12-15 and is currently open access. It has received 9324 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Disease burden & Risk factor.

Summary (1 min read)

Jump to: [Convincing evidence] – [Probable evidence] – [Possible evidence] and [Insufficient evidence]

Convincing evidence

  • Evidence based on epidemiological studies showing consistent associations between exposure and disease, with little or no evidence to the contrary.
  • The available evidence is based on a substantial number of studies including prospective observational studies and where relevant, randomised controlled trials of sufficient size, duration, and quality showing consistent effects.

Probable evidence

  • Evidence based on epidemiological studies showing fairly consistent associations between exposure and disease, but for which there are perceived shortcomings in the available evidence or some evidence to the contrary, which precludes a more definite judgment.
  • Shortcomings in the evidence may be any of the following: insufficient duration of trials (or studies); insufficient trials (or studies) available; inadequate sample sizes; or incomplete follow-up.

Possible evidence

  • Evidence based mainly on findings from case-control and cross-sectional studies.
  • Insufficient randomised controlled trials, observational studies, or non-randomised controlled trials are available.
  • Evidence based on non-epidemiological studies, such as clinical and laboratory investigations, is supportive.
  • More trials are needed to support the tentative associations, which should be biologically plausible.

Insufficient evidence

  • Evidence based on findings of a few studies which are suggestive, but insufficient to establish an association between exposure and disease.
  • Burden of disease attributable to individual risk factors are shown sequentially for ease of presentation.

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Citations
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Journal Article•DOI•
Short-Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter Air Pollution Is Preferentially Associated With the Risk of ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Events.

[...]

C. Arden Pope1, Joseph B. Muhlestein2, Jeffrey L. Anderson2, John B. Cannon1, Nicholas M. Hales1, Kent G. Meredith2, Viet T Le2, Benjamin D. Horne2 •
Brigham Young University1, Intermountain Medical Center2
22 Dec 2015-Journal of the American Heart Association
TL;DR: Elevated fine particulate matter air pollution exposures contribute to triggering acute coronary events, especially ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction, in those with existing seriously diseased coronary arteries but not inThose with nondiseased coronary artery disease.
Abstract: Background Air pollution is associated with greater cardiovascular event risk, but the types of events and specific persons at risk remain unknown. This analysis evaluates effects of short‐term exposure to fine particulate matter air pollution with risk of acute coronary syndrome events, including ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction, non–ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction, unstable angina, and non–ST‐segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. Methods and Results Acute coronary syndrome events treated at Intermountain Healthcare hospitals in urban areas of Utah's Wasatch Front were collected between September 1993 and May 2014 (N=16 314). A time‐stratified case‐crossover design was performed matching fine particulate matter air pollution exposure at the time of each event with referent periods when the event did not occur. Patients served as their own controls, and odds ratios were estimated using nonthreshold and threshold conditional logistic regression models. In patients with angiographic coronary artery disease, odds ratios for a 10‐μg/m3 increase in concurrent‐day fine particulate matter air pollution >25 μg/m³ were 1.06 (95% CI 1.02–1.11) for all acute coronary syndrome, 1.15 (95% CI 1.03–1.29) for ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction, 1.02 (95% CI 0.97–1.08) for non–ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction, 1.09 (95% CI 1.02–1.17) for unstable angina, and 1.05 (95% CI 1.00–1.10) for non–ST‐segment elevation acute coronary syndrome events. Excess risk from fine particulate matter air pollution exposure was not observed in patients without angiographic coronary artery disease. Conclusions Elevated fine particulate matter air pollution exposures contribute to triggering acute coronary events, especially ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction, in those with existing seriously diseased coronary arteries but not in those with nondiseased coronary arteries.

98 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
The impact of power generation emissions on ambient PM2.5 pollution and human health in China and India.

[...]

Meng Gao1, Gufran Beig2, Shaojie Song1, Hongliang Zhang3, Jianlin Hu4, Qi Ying5, Fengchao Liang6, Yang Liu6, Haikun Wang7, Xiao Lu8, Tong Zhu8, Gregory R. Carmichael9, Chris P. Nielsen1, Michael B. McElroy1 •
Harvard University1, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology2, Louisiana State University3, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology4, Texas A&M University5, Emory University6, Nanjing University7, Peking University8, University of Iowa9
14 Sep 2018-Environment International
TL;DR: Priorities in upgrading existing power generating technologies should be given to Shandong, Henan, and Sichuan provinces in China, and Uttar Pradesh state in India due to their dominant contributions to the current health risks.

98 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Monitoring the impacts of trade agreements on food environments.

[...]

Sharon Friel1, Libby Hattersley1, Wendy Snowdon2, Wendy Snowdon3, Anne Marie Thow4, Tim Lobstein, David Sanders5, Simon Barquera, Sailesh Mohan6, Corinna Hawkes, Bridget Kelly7, Shiriki K. Kumanyika8, Mary R. L’Abbé9, Andy Lee10, J. Ma11, J. Macmullan, Carlos Augusto Monteiro12, Bruce Neal13, Mike Rayner14, Gary Sacks2, Boyd Swinburn2, Stefanie Vandevijvere15, Celeste Walker16 •
Australian National University1, Deakin University2, Southwest University of Visual Arts3, University of Sydney4, University of the Western Cape5, Public Health Foundation of India6, University of Wollongong7, University of Pennsylvania8, University of Toronto9, Queensland University of Technology10, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention11, University of São Paulo12, The George Institute for Global Health13, University of Oxford14, University of Auckland15, Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition16
17 Sep 2013-Obesity Reviews
TL;DR: The paper outlines an approach for monitoring the potential impact of trade agreements on food environments and obesity/NCD risks, which encompasses a set of guiding principles, recommended procedures for data collection and analysis, and quantifiable ‘minimal’, ‘expanded’ and ‘optimal' measurement indicators to be tailored to national priorities, capacity and resources.
Abstract: The liberalization of international trade and foreign direct investment through multilateral, regional and bilateral agreements has had profound implications for the structure and nature of food systems, and therefore, for the availability, nutritional quality, accessibility, price and promotion of foods in different locations. Public health attention has only relatively recently turned to the links between trade and investment agreements, diets and health, and there is currently no systematic monitoring of this area. This paper reviews the available evidence on the links between trade agreements, food environments and diets from an obesity and non-communicable disease (NCD) perspective. Based on the key issues identified through the review, the paper outlines an approach for monitoring the potential impact of trade agreements on food environments and obesity/NCD risks. The proposed monitoring approach encompasses a set of guiding principles, recommended procedures for data collection and analysis, and quantifiable 'minimal', 'expanded' and 'optimal' measurement indicators to be tailored to national priorities, capacity and resources. Formal risk assessment processes of existing and evolving trade and investment agreements, which focus on their impacts on food environments will help inform the development of healthy trade policy, strengthen domestic nutrition and health policy space and ultimately protect population nutrition.

97 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
ICBEN review of research on the biological effects of noise 2011-2014.

[...]

Mathias Basner1, Mark Brink, Abigail L. Bristow2, Yvonne de Kluizenaar3, Lawrence S. Finegold, Jiyoung Hong, S.A. Janssen3, Ronny Klaeboe, Tony Leroux4, Andreas Liebl5, Toshihito Matsui6, Dieter Schwela7, Mariola Sliwinska-Kowalska8, Patrik Sörqvist •
University of Pennsylvania1, Loughborough University2, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research3, Université de Montréal4, Fraunhofer Society5, Hokkaido University6, Stockholm Environment Institute7, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine8
01 Mar 2015-Noise & Health
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that noise is a prevalent and often underestimated threat for both auditory and nonauditory health and that strategies for the prevention of noise and its associated negative health consequences are needed to promote public health.
Abstract: The mandate of the International Commission on Biological Effects of Noise (ICBEN) is to promote a high level of scientific research concerning all aspects of noise-induced effects on human beings and animals. In this review, ICBEN team chairs and co-chairs summarize relevant findings, publications, developments, and policies related to the biological effects of noise, with a focus on the period 2011-2014 and for the following topics: Noise-induced hearing loss; nonauditory effects of noise; effects of noise on performance and behavior; effects of noise on sleep; community response to noise; and interactions with other agents and contextual factors. Occupational settings and transport have been identified as the most prominent sources of noise that affect health. These reviews demonstrate that noise is a prevalent and often underestimated threat for both auditory and nonauditory health and that strategies for the prevention of noise and its associated negative health consequences are needed to promote public health.

97 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Macrovasculature and Microvasculature at the Crossroads Between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension

[...]

Rachel E. Climie1, Rachel E. Climie2, Rachel E. Climie3, Thomas T. van Sloten4, Thomas T. van Sloten2, Rosa-Maria Bruno2, Rosa-Maria Bruno5, Stefano Taddei5, Jean-Philippe Empana2, Coen D.A. Stehouwer4, James E. Sharman1, Pierre Boutouyrie6, Stéphane Laurent6 •
Menzies Research Institute1, French Institute of Health and Medical Research2, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute3, Maastricht University Medical Centre4, University of Pisa5, Paris Descartes University6
01 Jun 2019-Hypertension
TL;DR: Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) are at an increased risk of damage to target organs and the causes for these adverse changes are unknown, however, high blood pressure or hypertension, is likely to play a contributory role.
Abstract: Diabetes mellitus (both type 1 and 2) affects an estimated 425 million people worldwide and if current trends continue, ≈693 million people (10% of the population) will have diabetes mellitus by 2045.1 Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) are at an increased risk of damage to target organs. The causes for these adverse changes are unknown, however, high blood pressure (BP) or hypertension, is likely to play a contributory role. Indeed, T2D and hypertension commonly coexist and may act synergistically to promote clinical events.

97 citations

References
More filters
Journal Article•DOI•
Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin.

[...]

William C. Knowler1, Elizabeth Barrett-Connor1, Sarah E. Fowler1, Richard F. Hamman1, John M. Lachin1, Elizabeth A. Walker, David M. Nathan1 •
George Washington University1
07 Feb 2002-The New England Journal of Medicine
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared a lifestyle intervention with metformin to prevent or delay the development of Type 2 diabetes in nondiabetic individuals. And they found that the lifestyle intervention was significantly more effective than the medication.
Abstract: Background Type 2 diabetes affects approximately 8 percent of adults in the United States. Some risk factors — elevated plasma glucose concentrations in the fasting state and after an oral glucose load, overweight, and a sedentary lifestyle — are potentially reversible. We hypothesized that modifying these factors with a lifestyle-intervention program or the administration of metformin would prevent or delay the development of diabetes. Methods We randomly assigned 3234 nondiabetic persons with elevated fasting and post-load plasma glucose concentrations to placebo, metformin (850 mg twice daily), or a lifestyle modification program with the goals of at least a 7 percent weight loss and at least 150 minutes of physical activity per week. The mean age of the participants was 51 years, and the mean body-mass index (the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) was 34.0; 68 percent were women, and 45 percent were members of minority groups. Results The average follow-up was 2.8 years. The incidence of diabetes was 11.0, 7.8, and 4.8 cases per 100 person-years in the placebo, metformin, and lifestyle groups, respectively. The lifestyle intervention reduced the incidence by 58 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 48 to 66 percent) and metformin by 31 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 17 to 43 percent), as compared with placebo; the lifestyle intervention was significantly more effective than metformin. To prevent one case of diabetes during a period of three years, 6.9 persons would have to participate in the lifestyle-intervention program, and 13.9 would have to receive metformin. Conclusions Lifestyle changes and treatment with metformin both reduced the incidence of diabetes in persons at high risk. The lifestyle intervention was more effective than metformin.

17,333 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010

[...]

Rafael Lozano1, Mohsen Naghavi1, Kyle J Foreman2, Stephen S Lim1  +192 more•Institutions (95)
15 Dec 2012-The Lancet
TL;DR: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2010 aimed to estimate annual deaths for the world and 21 regions between 1980 and 2010 for 235 causes, with uncertainty intervals (UIs), separately by age and sex, using the Cause of Death Ensemble model.

11,809 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies.

[...]

Sarah Lewington, Robert Clarke, Nawab Qizilbash, Richard Peto, Rory Collins 
14 Dec 2002-The Lancet
TL;DR: Throughout middle and old age, usual blood pressure is strongly and directly related to vascular (and overall) mortality, without any evidence of a threshold down to at least 115/75 mm Hg.

9,101 citations

Book•
The global burden of disease: a comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020.

[...]

Christopher J L Murray, Alan D. Lopez
01 Jan 1996
TL;DR: This is the first in a planned series of 10 volumes that will attempt to "summarize epidemiological knowledge about all major conditions and most risk factors" and use historical trends in main determinants to project mortality and disease burden forward to 2020.
Abstract: This is the first in a planned series of 10 volumes that will attempt to "summarize epidemiological knowledge about all major conditions and most risk factors;...generate assessments of numbers of deaths by cause that are consistent with the total numbers of deaths by age sex and region provided by demographers;...provide methodologies for and assessments of aggregate disease burden that combine--into the Disability-Adjusted Life Year or DALY measure--burden from premature mortality with that from living with disability; and...use historical trends in main determinants to project mortality and disease burden forward to 2020." This first volume includes chapters summarizing results from the project as a whole. (EXCERPT)

7,154 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010

[...]

Theo Vos, Abraham D. Flaxman1, Mohsen Naghavi1, Rafael Lozano1  +360 more•Institutions (143)
15 Dec 2012-The Lancet
TL;DR: Prevalence and severity of health loss were weakly correlated and age-specific prevalence of YLDs increased with age in all regions and has decreased slightly from 1990 to 2010, but population growth and ageing have increased YLD numbers and crude rates over the past two decades.

7,021 citations

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Frequently Asked Questions (4)
Q1. What are the contributions mentioned in the paper "A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990—2010: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2010 author" ?

Lim, Stephen S, Vos, Umer, Shibuya, Shibaya, Kenji, AdairRohani, Heather, Amann, Markus, Anderson, H Ross, Andrews, Kathryn G, Aryee, Martin, Gmel, Gerhard, Graham, Kathryn, Grainger, Rebecca, Grant, Bridget, Gunnell, David, Gutierrez, Hialy R, Hall, Wayne, Hoek, Hans W, Hogan, Anne-Charlson, H Dean, this paper, Nolla, Nissim, Nelson, Paul K 

Shortcomings in the evidence may be any of the following: insufficient duration of trials (or studies); insufficient trials (or studies) available; inadequate sample sizes; or incomplete follow-up. 

The available evidence is based on a substantial number of studies including prospective observational studies and where relevant, randomised controlled trials of sufficient size, duration, and quality showing consistent effects. 

In reality, the burden attributable to different risks overlaps because of multicausality and because the effects of some risk factors are partly mediated throughLim et al.