A comparative study of mass transfer coefficients of reduced volatile sulfur compounds for biotrickling filter packing materials
TL;DR: In this paper, a study of overall mass transfer coefficients of volatile sulfur compounds for packing materials potentially used for biotrickling filters is presented, where the authors use online PTR-MS experiments of breakthrough curves, combined with a developed mass transfer model.
About: This article is published in Chemical Engineering Journal.The article was published on 2015-01-15. It has received 28 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Mass transfer coefficient & Mass transfer.
Citations
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TL;DR: In this article, a review of recent advances in H2S treatment technologies is presented, highlighting current challenges and future prospects for improving biofiltration by highlighting research gaps in related fields.
94 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The use of wastewater from treatment plants, which constitutes a cheap source of nitrates, represents an interesting opportunity for the development of innovative bioprocesses enabling the simultaneous removal of H2S and nitrates.
Abstract: This review aims to provide an overview of the bioprocesses used for the removal of H2S from biogas. The ability of aerobic and anoxic bioreactors (biotrickling filters, bioscrubbers, and a combination of chemical scrubbers and bioreactors) to perform the degradation of H2S is considered. For each operating mode (aerobic and anoxic), the bioprocesses are presented, the operating conditions affecting performance are summarized, the state of the art of research studies is described and commercial applications are given. At laboratory-scale, whatever their operating mode, biological processes are effective for biogas cleaning and provide the same performance. The clogging of the packed bed due to the deposit of elemental sulfur S0 and biomass accumulation clearly represents the main drawback of bioprocesses. Although elimination capacities (EC) determined at laboratory-scale can be very high, EC should not be higher than 90 g m-3 h-1 at industrial-scale in order to limit clogging effects. For aerobic processes, the need to control the oxygen mass transfer accurately remains a key issue for their development at full-scale. As a result, the aerobic processes alone are probably not the most suitable bioprocesses for the treatment of biogas highly loaded with H2S. For anaerobic bioprocesses using nitrate as an electron acceptor, the scale-up of the laboratory process to a full-size plant remains a challenge. However, the use of wastewater from treatment plants, which constitutes a cheap source of nitrates, represents an interesting opportunity for the development of innovative bioprocesses enabling the simultaneous removal of H2S and nitrates.
49 citations
Cites background from "A comparative study of mass transfe..."
...Two main points have to be noted: (i) the mass transfer coefficients experimentally determined are markedly lower than that usually observed for conventional wet scrubbing [40, 41]; (ii) the mass transfer coefficients cannot be successfully correlated to the characteristics of the packing materials [40-42]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the surface diffusion is significant to the effective diffusivity during mass transfer under experimental conditions, and the dynamic experimental results indicate a good performance in H2S removal.
Abstract: Activated carbon was prepared from black liquor by steam activation. The BET specific surface area, pore volume and average pore diameter of resultant carbon activated at 900 degrees C can reach 1010 m(2)/g, 0.65 m(3)/g and 3 nm respectively. The relative humidity contributes to the adsorption of H2S on carbon, while the increased adsorption temperature and inlet concentration show an unfavorable condition for adsorption. Kinetic model yield a satisfactory result in parameters estimation and prediction for breakthrough time with different inlet H2S concentrations. The surface diffusion is significant to the effective diffusivity during mass transfer under experimental condition. The dynamic experimental results indicate a good performance in H2S removal. (C) 2015 Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
42 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared the performance of field-based gas phase abatement where the type and concentration of contaminants, along with operating parameters, vary considerably, and found that most technologies poorly remove or sometimes release halogenated compounds.
Abstract: Increasing urban growth and lifestyle expectations have led to an increase in public complaints against odours from sewer infrastructure. Gas phase odour abatement in sewer networks, particularly at sewer pumping stations, is most commonly achieved by using biofilters, biotrickling filters or activated carbon filters. Bench-scale and lab-scale studies tend to only investigate single contaminants under static conditions and typically at higher concentrations than found in field emissions. This review compares the performance of field-based gas phase abatement where the type and concentration of contaminants, along with operating parameters, vary considerably. The literature shows good performance by all technologies for hydrogen sulfide removal, with varying performance of other volatile sulfur and volatile organic compounds across all technologies. In particular, most technologies poorly remove or sometimes release halogenated compounds. Poor consistency is also found in the removal efficiency of many contaminants among the reviewed studies. There is a general lack of long-term performance data for activated carbon filters, compared to other technologies, with most studies investigating performance only at, or shortly after, start-up. Odour abatement in sewer networks can be improved with better understanding of inlet conditions to target the type of technology, operating parameters and the provision of multiple operating stages where the inlet conditions are poorly understood.
35 citations
TL;DR: This review identifies additional strategies to further improve the application of (bio)surfactants and/or hydrophilic VOCs, and it provides recommendations for future studies in this field.
32 citations
References
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Book•
29 Oct 1997
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors introduce the medium for studying a stream and propose a set of guidelines for studying and managing a stream, including: "Water at Rest and in Motion", "Shifting Sands", and "Stream Classification and Management".
Abstract: Introducing the Medium. How to Study a Stream. Potential Sources of Data (How to Avoid Reinventing the Weir). Getting to Know Your Stream. How to Have a Field Day and Still Collect Some Useful Information. Water at Rest and in Motion. Patterns in Shifting Sands. Dissecting Data with a Statistical Scope. "Putting It All Together": Stream Classification and Management. Appendices. References. Index.
1,636 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the average bubble diameter and conditions of bubble generation are obtained for the extreme cases when no coalescence is observed and the coalescence occurs at the maximum-rate.
Abstract: Bubbles which have been just generated from the porous plate are small and have an equal size, but sometime coalescence of these small bubbles occurs at a location slightly removed from the distributor, where the gas holdup is very large. Therefore, large and wide size distribution of bubbles are observed. This occurs easily in pure water and pure solvents. The surface active substances in water and solvents obstruct this coalescence of bubbles. In concentrated inorganic salt solutions, this obstruction is also recognized. For the extreme cases when no coalescence is observed and the coalescence occurs at the maximumrate, the correlations of the average bubble diameter and the conditions of bubble generation are obtained.
900 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a theoretical model is presented that allows mass transfer to be described in terms of packing geometry and physical properties which influence the gas-liquid or vapour-liquid systems in absorption, desorption and rectification columns.
Abstract: Countercurrent-flow columns are widely used in production processes in the chemical industry and their application in ecological engineering is of increasing importance. A theoretical model is presented here that allows mass transfer to be described in terms of packing geometry and physical properties which influence the gas-liquid or vapour-liquid systems in absorption, desorption and rectification columns. The relationships derived from the model can be applied to all countercurrent-flow columns, regardless of whether the packing has been dumped at random or arranged in a geometric pattern.
241 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a method of measuring the volume of small objects based on Archimedes' principle is described, which involves suspending an object in a water-filled container placed on electronic scales.
Abstract: A little-known method of measuring the volume of small objects based on Archimedes' principle is described, which involves suspending an object in a water-filled container placed on electronic scales. The suspension technique is a variation on the hydrostatic weighing technique used for measuring volume. The suspension method was compared with two other traditional water displacement methods of measuring volume, i.e. placing an object in a measuring cylinder and recording the rise in the water level and immersing the object in a water-filled container with an overflow spout to record the volume of overflow. The accuracy and precision of the three methods was compared using ten accurately machined PVC cylinders ranging in volume from 1.5 to 15.7 ml. The mean difference between the actual and measured volumes was 3.3 ± 7.3%, -1.6 ± 7.2% and 0.03 ± 0.45%, for the level, overflow and suspension methods respectively. Each measurement was repeated twice to obtain the reproducibility of the three displacement techniques. The reproducibility was -1.7 ± 8.5%, 0.09 ± 3% and -0.04 ± 0.43% for the level, overflow and suspension techniques respectively. The results show that the suspension technique is more accurate and precise than the traditional water displacement methods and is more accurate than measuring volume using Vernier calliper measurements.
208 citations
TL;DR: The results of the on-farm research on full-scale operated scrubbers for treatment of exhaust air from animal houses with regard to NH3 and odor removal in The Netherlands show variation in the efficiency of both acid scrubbers and biotrickling filters.
Abstract: Acid scrubbers and biotrickling filters have been developed for ammonia (NH3) removal at pig and poultry houses
in The Netherlands over the last 20 years to prevent acidification and eutrophication of soils. Because of growing
suburbanization, odor removal is increasingly considered important as well. In this review, we report the results of the on-farm
research on full-scale operated scrubbers for treatment of exhaust air from animal houses with regard to NH3 and odor
removal in The Netherlands. The NH3 removal of acid scrubbers ranged from 40% to 100% with an overall average of 96%.
The NH3 removal of biotrickling filters ranged from -8% to +100% with an overall average of 70%. Minimum empty bed air
residence times (EBRTs) were 0.4 to 1.1 s. For acid scrubbers, process control with pH measurement and automatic water
discharge is sufficient to guarantee sufficient NH3 removal. For biotrickling filters, however, improvement of process control
is necessary to guarantee sufficient NH3 removal. The odor removal of acid scrubbers ranged from 3% to 51% with an overall
average of 27%. The odor removal of biotrickling filters ranged from -29% to +87% with an overall average of 51%.
Minimum EBRTs were 0.5 to 2.3 s. Further research is necessary to explain this variation and to improve the odor removal
efficiency of both acid scrubbers and biotrickling filters.
202 citations