A comparative survey of genetic diversity among a set of Caricaceae accessions using microsatellite markers
TL;DR: The study indicated that the accessions of Indian Carica papaya cultivars included in this survey are genetically more diverse than the non-Indian Carica phytochemical cultivars.
Abstract: A preliminary survey of genetic diversity among 34 commercially popular Carica papaya cultivars from India and abroad, 6 accessions of Vasconcellea species and 1 accession of Jacaratia spinosa, was done using 20 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The SSR profiles were used to find out total number of alleles, null and rare alleles, Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) values and to calculate similarity matrix using Jaccard’s coefficient. The subsequent dendrogram was made by unweighted pair-group method of arithmetic average (UPGMA) and neighbor-joining method. Based on these parameters a comparison was made between the Indian papaya cultivars and the rest of the accessions. All the markers showed polymorphism and a total of 140 alleles were identified. The average number of alleles was 7 alleles/locus. Categorically the Vasconcellea and Jacaratia species had 54 alleles, the 7 non-Indian Carica papaya accessions had 70 and the 27 Indian accessions had 102 alleles. The average PIC value was 0.735 per marker. A total of 37 rare alleles were identified. Jacaratia spinosa had 17 rare alleles. Nineteen null alleles were detected among the Carica papaya accessions. A Carica papaya accession from South Africa, Hortus Gold had 5 null alleles. The genetic similarity among the accessions ranged from 7% to 67%. In the dendrogram, the Vasconcellea and Jacaratia spinosa accessions separated as a distinct cluster from the rest of the Carica papaya accessions. The study indicated that the accessions of Indian Carica papaya cultivars included in this survey are genetically more diverse than the non-Indian Carica papaya cultivars.
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TL;DR: The dietary supplementation with CP extract at a level of 250 mg/kg body weight succeeded to alleviate the negative effects of CPF on the physiological, immunological, and antioxidant status of female catfish and counteracted the subchronic CPF toxicity in female African catfish.
Abstract: Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is one of the widely used organophosphorus pesticides in agriculture activities and its presence in the aquatic environment has been broadly recorded. In the present study, we investigated the effect of CPF exposure on oxidative stress, innate immunity, sexual hormones, and DNA integrity of female African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, in addition to the potential use of dietary supplementation of papaya, Carica papaya (CP), extract against CPF toxicity. Apparent healthy female catfish (300 ± 10 g) were divided into four groups with three replicates each. The first group served as the negative control (fed on a basal diet) and the other groups exposed to CPF (8.75 µg/L) with or without CP extract (250 mg/kg body weight) for six weeks. The results revealed that CPF exposure exhibited marked elevations in stress markers (glucose and cortisol), serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase activities, testosterone, and luteinizing hormone level. Moreover, CPF increased the percentage of hepatic DNA damage. In addition, catfish exposed to CPF experienced significant decline in serum total protein, albumin, follicles stimulating hormone, estradiol hormone levels, AChE, immunoglobulin, and lysozyme activity. CPF induced significantly oxidative stress in hepatic and renal tissues. The dietary supplementation with CP extract at a level of 250 mg/kg body weight succeeded to alleviate the negative effects of CPF on the physiological, immunological, and antioxidant status of female catfish. In addition, CP extract alleviated the endocrine disruption and hepatic DNA damage and counteracted the subchronic CPF toxicity in female African catfish. Finally, the CP extract may be used as a feed additive in the aquatic diet.
19 citations
TL;DR: It could be concluded that CPE has immunostimulant and antioxidant activities; thereby, it could be utilized to minimize the occurrence of mastitis.
Abstract: Carica papaya is a perennial plant containing bioactive constituents with free radical-scavenging and immune-modulating activities. In contrast, the immune suppression is predominant in the periparturient period, where oxidative stress has a substantial impact on the mammary gland health. The aim of the experiment reported here was to determine the potential effect of C. papaya aqueous extract (CPE) on milk production traits, and expression of genes and proteins related to immune and antioxidant status in dairy milk somatic cells (MSCs). Forty Friesian dairy cows were divided equally between a control and CPE-treated groups (orally drenched 250 µg/kg bwt, once weekly a month before expected parturition and continued until 5 months post-partum). CPE did not affect milk yield or composition but upregulated the expression of β13-defensin (DEFB13), cathelicidin 2 (CATHL2), cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CATHL3), hepcidin (HAMP), lysozyme (LYZ), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in MSCs. The environmental micro-organisms did not influence the levels of the transcripts. The DEFB13, CATHL2, CATHL3, HAMP and LYZ, but not β1-defensin (DEFB1) transcripts and proteins were constitutively expressed in MSCs obtained from pathogen-free udders. It could be concluded that CPE has immunostimulant and antioxidant activities; thereby, it could be utilized to minimize the occurrence of mastitis.
7 citations
TL;DR: Most of the DNA sequences of the amplified RGAs from this set of 41 accessions showed significant homology to the conserved regions of rice bacterial leaf blight resistance genes.
Abstract: In order to assess genetic diversity of a set of 41 Caricaceae accessions, this study used 34 primer pairs designed from the conserved domains of bacterial leaf blight resistance genes from rice, in a PCR based approach, to identify and analyse resistance gene analogues from various accessions of Carica papaya, Vasconcellea goudotiana, V. microcarpa, V. parviflora, V. pubescens, V. stipulata and, V. quercifolia and Jacaratia spinosa. Of the 34 primer pairs fourteen gave amplification products. A total of 115 alleles were identified from 41 accesions along with 12 rare and 11 null alleles. The number of alleles per primer pair ranged from 4 to 10 with an average of 8.21 alleles/ primer pair. The average polymorphism information content value was 0.75/primer. The primers for the gene Xa1 did not give any amplification product. As a group, the Indian Carica papaya accessions produced a total of 102 alleles from 27 accessions. The similarity among the 41 accessions ranged from 1% to 53%. The dendrogram made from Jaccard’s genetic similarity coefficient generated two major clusters showing that the alleles of Jacaratia spinosa and Vasconcellea accessions were distinctly different from those of Carica papaya accessions. All the alleles were sequenced and eleven of them were allotted accession numbers by NCBI. Homology searches identified similarity to rice BLB resistance genes and pseudogenes. Conserved domain searches identified gamma subunit of transcription initiation factor IIA (TFIIA), cytochrome P450, signaling domain of methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein (MCP), Nickel hydrogenase and leucine rich repeats (LRR) within the sequenced RGAs. The RGA profiles produced by the 14 primer pairs generated high genetic diversity. The RGA profiles identified each of the 41 accessions clearly unequivocally. Most of the DNA sequences of the amplified RGAs from this set of 41 accessions showed significant homology to the conserved regions of rice bacterial leaf blight resistance genes. These information can be used in future for large scale investigation of tentative disease resistance genes of Carica papaya and other Caricaceae genus specially Vasconcellea. Inoculation studies will be necessary to link the identified sequences to disease resistance or susceptibility.
4 citations
Cites methods or result from "A comparative survey of genetic div..."
...Such grouping was also obtained using the SSR profiles in a previous study [50]....
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...In our previous study of genetic diversity analysis with SSR [47], Vasconcellea and Jacartia were placed in the same cluster and Carica had...
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...Like the dendrogram obtained using SSR profiles [47], these accessions have segregated into different sub clusters in this case as well....
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..., [47] this finding was similar to that proposed by taxonomic descriptions of Badillo [48] and Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) study of Van Droogenbroeck et al....
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...Dendrogram of 41 Caricaceae accessions using SSR and RGA profiles based on Jaccard’s genetic similarity coefficient....
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26 Mar 2019
TL;DR: Genetic diversity analysis obtained by UPGMA based dendrogram and principal components analysis (PCA) showed that papaya cultivars and hybrids possess narrow level of genetic diversity.
Abstract: Papaya is one of the most important nutritional and medicinal fruit crops in the world. In this context, present study was aimed to analyse genetic diversity of 12 dioecious and gynodioecious varieties of papaya using 42 randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers. Out of these 42 primers, 33 primers amplified 150 polymorphic bands with an average 4.54 polymorphic bands/primer. These 150 markers were used for estimation of Jaccard similarity coefficient which was in the range of 0.355 to 0.733. Two varieties namely Honey dew and Majestic showed highest similarity (0.733), followed by Surya and Vinayak (0.687) while Majestic and Mohini showed least similarity (0.355), followed by Ajeet and Mohini (0.381). This similarity matrix was used for cluster analysis using software Free Tree. In the UPGMA based dendrogram four distinct clusters were obtained in which one variety Mohini showed highest diversity with other varieties of papaya. Results of principal components analysis (PCA) was similar to that obtained by UPGMA clustering. Genetic diversity analysis obtained by these two methods showed that papaya cultivars and hybrids possess narrow level of genetic diversity.
2 citations
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15 Jan 2001
TL;DR: Molecular Cloning has served as the foundation of technical expertise in labs worldwide for 30 years as mentioned in this paper and has been so popular, or so influential, that no other manual has been more widely used and influential.
Abstract: Molecular Cloning has served as the foundation of technical expertise in labs worldwide for 30 years. No other manual has been so popular, or so influential. Molecular Cloning, Fourth Edition, by the celebrated founding author Joe Sambrook and new co-author, the distinguished HHMI investigator Michael Green, preserves the highly praised detail and clarity of previous editions and includes specific chapters and protocols commissioned for the book from expert practitioners at Yale, U Mass, Rockefeller University, Texas Tech, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Washington University, and other leading institutions. The theoretical and historical underpinnings of techniques are prominent features of the presentation throughout, information that does much to help trouble-shoot experimental problems. For the fourth edition of this classic work, the content has been entirely recast to include nucleic-acid based methods selected as the most widely used and valuable in molecular and cellular biology laboratories. Core chapters from the third edition have been revised to feature current strategies and approaches to the preparation and cloning of nucleic acids, gene transfer, and expression analysis. They are augmented by 12 new chapters which show how DNA, RNA, and proteins should be prepared, evaluated, and manipulated, and how data generation and analysis can be handled. The new content includes methods for studying interactions between cellular components, such as microarrays, next-generation sequencing technologies, RNA interference, and epigenetic analysis using DNA methylation techniques and chromatin immunoprecipitation. To make sense of the wealth of data produced by these techniques, a bioinformatics chapter describes the use of analytical tools for comparing sequences of genes and proteins and identifying common expression patterns among sets of genes. Building on thirty years of trust, reliability, and authority, the fourth edition of Mol
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01 Jan 2000
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TL;DR: Recent cladistic analyses are revealing the phylogeny of flowering plants in increasing detail, and there is support for the monophyly of many major groups above the family level.
Abstract: Recent cladistic analyses are revealing the phylogeny of flowering plants in increasing detail, and there is support for the monophyly of many major groups above the family level. With many elements of the major branching sequence of phylogeny established
1,225 citations
"A comparative survey of genetic div..." refers background in this paper
...The family Caricaceae consists of six genera of herbaceous, shrubby or arborescent dicotyledonous plants having a common phylogenetic origin with Brassicaceae, and consequently with the completely sequenced model plant Arabidopsis (Bremer et al. 1998, Rodman et al. 1996)....
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01 Jan 1968
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present basic information on the botany and agronomy of tropical dicotyledonous crops in order of the type of commodity they produce, e.g., libre crops, oil seeds, etc.
Abstract: This volume presents basic information on the botany and agronomy of tropical dicotyledonous crops In the text proper the crops are given under their plant families, which are arranged in alphabetical order. Similarly, the genera are arranged in alphabetically within the families. This seems to be preferable to group the crops the crops according to the type of commodity they produce, e.g. libre crops, oil seeds, etc.
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