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Journal Article•DOI•

A comparison of COVID-19, SARS and MERS

Tingting Hu1, Ying Liu1, Mingyi Zhao1, Quan Zhuang1, Linyong Xu1, Qingnan He1 •
Central South University1
19 Aug 2020-PeerJ (PeerJ Inc.)-Vol. 8
TL;DR: This review demonstrates the biological features, spread, diagnosis and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 as a whole, and aims to analyse the similarities and differences among SARs-Cov-2, SARS -CoV and MERS- coV to provide new ideas and suggestions for prevention, diagnosed and clinical treatment.
Abstract: In mid-December 2019, a novel atypical pneumonia broke out in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China and was caused by a newly identified coronavirus, initially termed 2019 Novel Coronavirus and subsequently severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). As of 19 May 2020, a total of 4,731,458 individuals were reported as infected with SARS-CoV-2 among 213 countries, areas or territories with recorded cases, and the overall case-fatality rate was 6.6% (316,169 deaths among 4,731,458 recorded cases), according to the World Health Organization. Studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2 is notably similar to (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus) SARS-CoV that emerged in 2002-2003 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) that spread during 2012, and these viruses all contributed to global pandemics. The ability of SARS-CoV-2 to rapidly spread a pneumonia-like disease from Hubei Province, China, throughout the world has provoked widespread concern. The main symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) include fever, cough, myalgia, fatigue and lower respiratory signs. At present, nucleic acid tests are widely recommended as the optimal method for detecting SARS-CoV-2. However, obstacles remain, including the global shortage of testing kits and the presentation of false negatives. Experts suggest that almost everyone in China is susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and to date, there are no effective treatments. In light of the references published, this review demonstrates the biological features, spread, diagnosis and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 as a whole and aims to analyse the similarities and differences among SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV to provide new ideas and suggestions for prevention, diagnosis and clinical treatment.
Citations
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Journal Article•DOI•
A telerehabilitation programme in post-discharge COVID-19 patients (TERECO): a randomised controlled trial.

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Jianan Li, Wenguang Xia, Chao Zhan, Shouguo Liu, Zhifei Yin1, Jiayue Wang, Yufei Chong, Chanjuan Zheng, Xiao-Ming Fang, Wei Cheng, Jan D Reinhardt •
Nanjing Medical University1
26 Jul 2021-Thorax
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the superiority of a telerehabilitation program for COVID-19 (TERECO) over no rehabilitation with regard to exercise capacity, lower limb muscle strength (LMS), pulmonary function, health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and dyspnoea.
Abstract: Objectives To investigate superiority of a telerehabilitation programme for COVID-19 (TERECO) over no rehabilitation with regard to exercise capacity, lower limb muscle strength (LMS), pulmonary function, health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and dyspnoea. Design Parallel-group randomised controlled trial with 1:1 block randomisation. Setting Three major hospitals from Jiangsu and Hubei provinces, China. Participants 120 formerly hospitalised COVID-19 survivors with remaining dyspnoea complaints were randomised with 61 allocated to control and 59 to TERECO. Intervention Unsupervised home-based 6-week exercise programme comprising breathing control and thoracic expansion, aerobic exercise and LMS exercise, delivered via smartphone, and remotely monitored with heart rate telemetry. Outcomes Primary outcome was 6 min walking distance (6MWD) in metres. Secondary outcomes were squat time in seconds; pulmonary function assessed by spirometry; HRQOL measured with Short Form Health Survey-12 (SF-12) and mMRC-dyspnoea. Outcomes were assessed at 6 weeks (post-treatment) and 28 weeks (follow-up). Results Adjusted between-group difference in change in 6MWD was 65.45 m (95% CI 43.8 to 87.1; p Conclusions This trial demonstrated superiority of TERECO over no rehabilitation for 6MWD, LMS, and physical HRQOL. Trial registration number ChiCTR2000031834.

76 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Rapid diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 using potential point-of-care electrochemical immunosensor: Toward the future prospects.

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Pushpesh Ranjan1, Pushpesh Ranjan2, Ayushi Singhal1, Ayushi Singhal2, Shalu Yadav1, Shalu Yadav2, Neeraj Kumar1, Neeraj Kumar2, S. Murali2, Sunil K. Sanghi2, Raju Khan2, Raju Khan1 •
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research1, Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute2
15 Jan 2021-International Reviews of Immunology
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the SARS-CoV2 and their biomarkers in biological samples, collection of samples and recently reported potential electrochemical immunosensors for the rapid diagnosis of SARS CoV-2 are discussed.
Abstract: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an emerging and highly infectious disease making global public health concern and socio-economic burden. It is caused due to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). It has the tendency to spread rapidly through person-to-person. Currently, several molecular diagnostic platforms such as PCR, qRT-PCR, reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP), CRISPR are utilized for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. These conventional techniques are costly, time consuming and require sophisticated instrumentation facility with well trained personnel for testing. Hence, it is tough to provide testing en-masse to the people in developing countries. On the other hand, several serological biosensors such as lateral flow immunosensor, optical, electrochemical, microfluidics integrated electrochemical/fluorescence is currently utilized for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. In current pandemic situation, there is an urgent need of rapid and efficient diagnosis on mass scale of SARS-CoV-2 for early stage detection. Early monitoring of viral infections can help to control and prevent the spreading of infections in large chunk of population. In this review, the SARS-CoV-2 and their biomarkers in biological samples, collection of samples and recently reported potential electrochemical immunosensors for the rapid diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 are discussed.

59 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Guillain Barre Syndrome as a Complication of COVID-19: A Systematic Review.

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Mohammad Aladawi1, Mohamed Elfil1, Baha Abu-Esheh2, Deaa Abu Jazar3, Ahmad Armouti4, Ahmed Bayoumi5, Ezequiel Piccione1 •
University of Nebraska Medical Center1, Mercy Medical Center (Baltimore, Maryland)2, University of Texas Medical Branch3, University of South Florida4, Yale University5
05 May 2021-Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences
TL;DR: The time between the onset of infectious and neurological symptoms suggests a postinfectious mechanism, and early diagnosis of GBS in COVID-19 patients is important as it might be associated with a severe disease course requiring intensive care and mechanical ventilation.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: In January 2020, the first case of Guillain Barre syndrome (GBS) due to COVID-19 was documented in China. GBS is known to be postinfectious following several types of infections. Although causality can only be proven through large epidemiological studies, we intended to study this association by a thorough review of the literature. METHODS: We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Google scholar and included all papers with English or Spanish full text and original data of patients with GBS and recent COVID infection. Variables of interest were demographics, diagnostic investigations, and the latency between arboviral and neurological symptoms. Further variables were pooled to identify GBS clinical and electrophysiological variants, used treatments, and outcomes. The certainty of GBS diagnosis was verified using Brighton criteria. RESULTS: We identified a total of 109 GBS cases. Ninety-nine cases had confirmed COVID-19 infection with an average age of 56.07 years. The average latency period between the arboviral symptoms and neurologic manifestations for confirmed COVID-19 cases was 12.2 d. The predominant GBS clinical and electromyography variants were the classical sensorimotor GBS and acute demyelinating polyneuropathy respectively. Forty cases required intensive care, 33 cases required mechanical ventilation, and 6 cases were complicated by death. CONCLUSIONS: Studies on COVID-19-related GBS commonly reported sensorimotor demyelinating GBS with frequent facial palsy. The time between the onset of infectious and neurological symptoms suggests a postinfectious mechanism. Early diagnosis of GBS in COVID-19 patients is important as it might be associated with a severe disease course requiring intensive care and mechanical ventilation.

52 citations

Cites methods from "A comparison of COVID-19, SARS and ..."

  • ...Thus, the spectrum of immune cascade in COVID-19-related GBS should be expanded by studying other different antibodies affecting the myelin sheath, Schwann cell components, and the neuronal axolemma.112,113 One case was reported with positive NF-155 and NF-186 antibodies, which are structural proteins in the node of Ranvier.22 The possible role of host immunogenetic background in the development of GBS and its variants has been related to human leukocyte antigen (HLA) polymorphism in different populations, this observation might explain the increased reporting of COVID19 related GBS in the Italy, as one-third of the cases identified in our review were Italian.114,115 The role of HLA polymorphism in COVID-19 related GBS has been emphasized in one of the cases reported by Gigli et al.,36 in which SARS-CoV2 antibodies were detected in the CSF. Interestingly, HLA analysis of the reported case showed several HLA alleles that are known to be associated with GBS, such as: HLA-A33,116 DRB1 * 03:01,117 and DQB1 * 05:01.118 With the emergence of COVID-19 pandemic, there have been increasing reports of various neurological complications in infected patients, which was well documented and studied in other coronaviruses.1 Genomic analysis shows that SARS-CoV-2 is in the same beta-coronavirus (βCoV) clade as MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, and shares a highly homological sequence with SARS-CoV.119 There has been clinical evidence of neuromuscular sequela in SARS CoV and MERS infection and the most documented neuromuscular syndromes related to these viruses are critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy, which are hypothesized to occur in the context of severe inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS).120 Cases of MERS-related GBS have been reported, yet GBS in these cases has been linked to the treatment received for MERS infection, such as interferon alpha2 and Lopinavir/ritonavir.10 In contrast to MERS, SARS-CoV2 is likely associated with GBS....

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  • ...Genomic analysis shows that SARS-CoV-2 is in the same beta-coronavirus (βCoV) clade as MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, and shares a highly homological sequence with SARS-CoV.(119) There has been clinical evidence of neuromuscular sequela in SARS CoV and MERS infection and the most documented neuromuscular syndromes related to these viruses are critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy, which are hypothesized to occur in the context of severe inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)....

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Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection based on CT scan vs. RT-PCR: Reflecting on Experience from MERS-CoV

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Jaffar A. Al-Tawfiq1, Jaffar A. Al-Tawfiq2, Jaffar A. Al-Tawfiq3, Ziad A. Memish4•
Johns Hopkins University1, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine2, Indiana University3, Emory University4
01 Jan 2020
TL;DR: This research attacked the mode of transmission of Legionnaires' disease by attacking the “womb lining” of the immune system through contact chemoreception and found it to be a simple and repayable infection.
Abstract: 1 Infectious Disease Unit, Specialty Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Director Research Center, King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health, Al-Faisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia;

50 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Reinfection in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review

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Xiang Ren, Jie Zhou, Jingzhi Guo, Chunmei Hao, Mengxue Zheng, Rong Zhang, Qiao Huang, Xia-oli Yao, Ruiling Li, Yinghui Jin 
29 Apr 2022-Global Health Research and Policy
TL;DR: In this article , the authors conducted a systematic review to assess the characteristics of patients with reinfection and possible causes and found that it is possible for rehabilitated patients to be reinfected by SARS-COV-2.
Abstract: Abstract Background With the continuation of the COVID-19 pandemic, some COVID-19 patients have become reinfected with the virus. Viral gene sequencing has found that some of these patients were reinfected by the different and others by same strains. This has raised concerns about the effectiveness of immunity after infection and the reliability of vaccines. To this end, we conducted a systematic review to assess the characteristics of patients with reinfection and possible causes. Methods A systematic search was conducted across eight databases: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, CNKI, WanFang, VIP and SinoMed from December 1, 2019 to September 1, 2021 . The quality of included studies were assessed using JBI critical appraisal tools and Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Results This study included 50 studies from 20 countries. There were 118 cases of reinfection. Twenty-five patients were reported to have at least one complication. The shortest duration between the first infection and reinfection was 19 days and the longest was 293 days. During the first infection and reinfection, cough (51.6% and 43.9%) and fever (50% and 30.3%) were the most common symptoms respectively. Nine patients recovered, seven patients died, and five patients were hospitalized, but 97 patients’ prognosis were unknown. B.1 is the most common variant strain at the first infection. B.1.1.7, B.1.128 and B.1.351 were the most common variant strains at reinfection. Thirty-three patients were infected by different strains and 9 patients were reported as being infected with the same strain. Conclusions Our research shows that it is possible for rehabilitated patients to be reinfected by SARS-COV-2. To date, the causes and risk factors of COVID-19 reinfection are not fully understood. For patients with reinfection, the diagnosis and management should be consistent with the treatment of the first infection. The public, including rehabilitated patients, should be fully vaccinated, wear masks in public places, and pay attention to maintaining social distance to avoid reinfection with the virus.

33 citations

References
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Journal Article•DOI•
Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China

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Chaolin Huang1, Yeming Wang2, Xingwang Li3, Lili Ren4, Jianping Zhao5, Yi Hu5, Li Zhang1, Guohui Fan2, Jiuyang Xu6, Xiaoying Gu2, Zhenshun Cheng7, Ting Yu1, Jia'an Xia1, Yuan Wei1, Wenjuan Wu1, Xuelei Xie1, Wen Yin5, Li Hui2, Min Liu2, Yan Xiao4, Hong Gao4, Li Guo4, Jungang Xie5, Guang-Fa Wang8, Rongmeng Jiang3, Zhancheng Gao8, Qi Jin4, Jianwei Wang4, Bin Cao2 •
Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital1, China-Japan Friendship Hospital2, Capital Medical University3, Peking Union Medical College4, Huazhong University of Science and Technology5, Tsinghua University6, Wuhan University7, Peking University8
24 Jan 2020-The Lancet
TL;DR: The epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and radiological characteristics and treatment and clinical outcomes of patients with laboratory-confirmed 2019-nCoV infection in Wuhan, China, were reported.

36,578 citations

"A comparison of COVID-19, SARS and ..." refers background in this paper

  • ...64% of all human lung cells, and the majority of them are type II alveolar cells (AT2) (average 83%) (Huang et al., 2020)....

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  • ...The virus, named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), can lead to severe pneumonia, and the evidence shows that it can be transmitted from human to human (Huang et al., 2020)....

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  • ...Sample type Time of illness (days) SARS-CoV-2 MERS-CoV (Memish et al., 2014; Huang et al., 2020) SARS-CoV...

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  • ...In light of the studies from all over the country, the symptoms suggest that the target cell is likely present in the lower respiratory tract, as patients who are infected with COVID-19 seldom have conspicuous upper respiratory symptoms such as sneezing or sore throat (Huang et al., 2020)....

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  • ...Among the first 41 laboratory-confirmed patients, 27 (66%) had been exposed to the Huanan seafood market, where wild animals are sold, suggesting that COVID-19 may be passed to humans from wild animals (Huang et al., 2020)....

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Journal Article•DOI•
A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin

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Peng Zhou1, Xing-Lou Yang1, Xian Guang Wang2, Ben Hu1, Lei Zhang1, Wei Zhang1, Hao Rui Si1, Yan Zhu1, Bei Li1, Chao Lin Huang2, Hui-Dong Chen2, Jing Chen1, Yun Luo1, Hua Guo1, Ren Di Jiang1, Meiqin Liu1, Ying Chen1, Xu Rui Shen1, Xi Wang1, Xiao Shuang Zheng1, Kai Zhao1, Quanjiao Chen1, Fei Deng1, Lin Lin Liu3, Bing Yan1, Fa Xian Zhan3, Yan-Yi Wang1, Gengfu Xiao1, Zhengli Shi1 •
Chinese Academy of Sciences1, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital2, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention3
03 Feb 2020-Nature
TL;DR: Identification and characterization of a new coronavirus (2019-nCoV), which caused an epidemic of acute respiratory syndrome in humans in Wuhan, China, and it is shown that this virus belongs to the species of SARSr-CoV, indicates that the virus is related to a bat coronav virus.
Abstract: Since the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) 18 years ago, a large number of SARS-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoVs) have been discovered in their natural reservoir host, bats1–4. Previous studies have shown that some bat SARSr-CoVs have the potential to infect humans5–7. Here we report the identification and characterization of a new coronavirus (2019-nCoV), which caused an epidemic of acute respiratory syndrome in humans in Wuhan, China. The epidemic, which started on 12 December 2019, had caused 2,794 laboratory-confirmed infections including 80 deaths by 26 January 2020. Full-length genome sequences were obtained from five patients at an early stage of the outbreak. The sequences are almost identical and share 79.6% sequence identity to SARS-CoV. Furthermore, we show that 2019-nCoV is 96% identical at the whole-genome level to a bat coronavirus. Pairwise protein sequence analysis of seven conserved non-structural proteins domains show that this virus belongs to the species of SARSr-CoV. In addition, 2019-nCoV virus isolated from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of a critically ill patient could be neutralized by sera from several patients. Notably, we confirmed that 2019-nCoV uses the same cell entry receptor—angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2)—as SARS-CoV. Characterization of full-length genome sequences from patients infected with a new coronavirus (2019-nCoV) shows that the sequences are nearly identical and indicates that the virus is related to a bat coronavirus.

16,857 citations

"A comparison of COVID-19, SARS and ..." refers background or methods or result in this paper

  • ...Possible intermediate host Malayan Pangolins and turtles (Zhou et al., 2020; Lu et al., 2020) Palm civets (Zhou et al....

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  • ...…2020; Lu et al., 2020) Palm civets (Zhou et al., 2020; Lu et al., 2020) Camel (Zhou et al., 2020; Lu et al., 2020) The lineage of Betacoronaviruses B (Zhou et al., 2020; Lu et al., 2020) B (Zhou et al., 2020; Lu et al., 2020) C (Zhou et al., 2020; Lu et al., 2020) Predominant cellulart receptor…...

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  • ...6% sequence identity with SARS-CoV in ORF1a/b; the sequencing results were used for CoV species classification and revealed that both of these viruses are lineage B betacoronaviruses (Zhou et al., 2020; Lu et al., 2020)....

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  • ...…Possible intermediate host Malayan Pangolins and turtles (Zhou et al., 2020; Lu et al., 2020) Palm civets (Zhou et al., 2020; Lu et al., 2020) Camel (Zhou et al., 2020; Lu et al., 2020) The lineage of Betacoronaviruses B (Zhou et al., 2020; Lu et al., 2020) B (Zhou et al., 2020; Lu et al., 2020)…...

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  • ...…has been confirmed to share 79.5% sequence identity with SARS-CoV and 94.6% sequence identity with SARS-CoV in ORF1a/b; the sequencing results were used for CoV species classification and revealed that both of these viruses are lineage B betacoronaviruses (Zhou et al., 2020; Lu et al., 2020)....

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Journal Article•DOI•
Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China.

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Dawei Wang1, Bo Hu1, Chang Hu1, Fangfang Zhu1, Xing Liu1, Jing Zhang1, Binbin Wang1, Hui Xiang1, Zhenshun Cheng1, Yong Xiong1, Yan Zhao1, Yirong Li1, Xinghuan Wang1, Zhiyong Peng1 •
Wuhan University1
17 Mar 2020-JAMA
TL;DR: The epidemiological and clinical characteristics of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China, and hospital-associated transmission as the presumed mechanism of infection for affected health professionals and hospitalized patients are described.
Abstract: Importance In December 2019, novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)–infected pneumonia (NCIP) occurred in Wuhan, China. The number of cases has increased rapidly but information on the clinical characteristics of affected patients is limited. Objective To describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of NCIP. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective, single-center case series of the 138 consecutive hospitalized patients with confirmed NCIP at Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University in Wuhan, China, from January 1 to January 28, 2020; final date of follow-up was February 3, 2020. Exposures Documented NCIP. Main Outcomes and Measures Epidemiological, demographic, clinical, laboratory, radiological, and treatment data were collected and analyzed. Outcomes of critically ill patients and noncritically ill patients were compared. Presumed hospital-related transmission was suspected if a cluster of health professionals or hospitalized patients in the same wards became infected and a possible source of infection could be tracked. Results Of 138 hospitalized patients with NCIP, the median age was 56 years (interquartile range, 42-68; range, 22-92 years) and 75 (54.3%) were men. Hospital-associated transmission was suspected as the presumed mechanism of infection for affected health professionals (40 [29%]) and hospitalized patients (17 [12.3%]). Common symptoms included fever (136 [98.6%]), fatigue (96 [69.6%]), and dry cough (82 [59.4%]). Lymphopenia (lymphocyte count, 0.8 × 109/L [interquartile range {IQR}, 0.6-1.1]) occurred in 97 patients (70.3%), prolonged prothrombin time (13.0 seconds [IQR, 12.3-13.7]) in 80 patients (58%), and elevated lactate dehydrogenase (261 U/L [IQR, 182-403]) in 55 patients (39.9%). Chest computed tomographic scans showed bilateral patchy shadows or ground glass opacity in the lungs of all patients. Most patients received antiviral therapy (oseltamivir, 124 [89.9%]), and many received antibacterial therapy (moxifloxacin, 89 [64.4%]; ceftriaxone, 34 [24.6%]; azithromycin, 25 [18.1%]) and glucocorticoid therapy (62 [44.9%]). Thirty-six patients (26.1%) were transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU) because of complications, including acute respiratory distress syndrome (22 [61.1%]), arrhythmia (16 [44.4%]), and shock (11 [30.6%]). The median time from first symptom to dyspnea was 5.0 days, to hospital admission was 7.0 days, and to ARDS was 8.0 days. Patients treated in the ICU (n = 36), compared with patients not treated in the ICU (n = 102), were older (median age, 66 years vs 51 years), were more likely to have underlying comorbidities (26 [72.2%] vs 38 [37.3%]), and were more likely to have dyspnea (23 [63.9%] vs 20 [19.6%]), and anorexia (24 [66.7%] vs 31 [30.4%]). Of the 36 cases in the ICU, 4 (11.1%) received high-flow oxygen therapy, 15 (41.7%) received noninvasive ventilation, and 17 (47.2%) received invasive ventilation (4 were switched to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation). As of February 3, 47 patients (34.1%) were discharged and 6 died (overall mortality, 4.3%), but the remaining patients are still hospitalized. Among those discharged alive (n = 47), the median hospital stay was 10 days (IQR, 7.0-14.0). Conclusions and Relevance In this single-center case series of 138 hospitalized patients with confirmed NCIP in Wuhan, China, presumed hospital-related transmission of 2019-nCoV was suspected in 41% of patients, 26% of patients received ICU care, and mortality was 4.3%.

16,635 citations

"A comparison of COVID-19, SARS and ..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...The data are from the following studies: Emery et al. (2004), Yan, Chang & Wang (2020), Al-Tawfiq & Memish (2020) and Loeffelholz & Tang (2020)....

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  • ...06:1, and the median age was 56 years (interquartile range, 42–68; range, 22–92 years) (Wu & McGoogan, 2020; Wang et al., 2020)....

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  • ...Laboratory diagnosis plays a leading role in the early detection of infected individuals, which enables an earlier discovery of the source of infection and interruption of epidemic transmission (Yan, Chang & Wang, 2020)....

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  • ...Expression of the ACE2 receptor is found in many tissues, including lung, heart, kidney, liver, endothelium, intestine, oral mucosa and even testis (Xu et al., 2020; Cheng, Wang & Wang, 2020; Venkatakrishnan et al., 2020; Xu et al., 2020)....

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  • ...The RT-PCR methods for SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 varied in genome target, sequence, assay use, etc. (Lu et al., 2014; Emery et al., 2004; Yan, Chang & Wang, 2020)....

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Journal Article•DOI•
Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study

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Nanshan Chen1, Min Zhou2, Xuan Dong1, Jie-Ming Qu2, Fengyun Gong1, Yang Han1, Yang Qiu3, Jingli Wang1, Ying Liu1, Yuan Wei1, Jia'an Xia1, Ting Yu1, Xinxin Zhang2, Li Zhang1 •
Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital1, Shanghai Jiao Tong University2, Chinese Academy of Sciences3
30 Jan 2020-The Lancet
TL;DR: Characteristics of patients who died were in line with the MuLBSTA score, an early warning model for predicting mortality in viral pneumonia, and further investigation is needed to explore the applicability of the Mu LBSTA scores in predicting the risk of mortality in 2019-nCoV infection.

16,282 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention

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Zunyou Wu1, Jennifer M. McGoogan1•
Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention1
07 Apr 2020-JAMA
TL;DR: Hospitalised COVID-19 patients are frequently elderly subjects with co-morbidities receiving polypharmacy, all of which are known risk factors for d
Abstract: Background: Hospitalised COVID-19 patients are frequently elderly subjects with co-morbidities receiving polypharmacy, all of which are known risk factors for d

14,343 citations

"A comparison of COVID-19, SARS and ..." refers background in this paper

  • ...According to a study among 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China, the male-to-female ratio was 1.06:1, and the median age was 56 years (interquartile range, 42–68; range, 22–92 years) (Wu & McGoogan, 2020; Wang et al., 2020)....

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