A comparison of high power DC-to-DC soft-switched converter topologies
02 Oct 1994-Vol. 32, Iss: 5, pp 1139-1145
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compare the properties of several soft-switching converter topologies when used to achieve DC-DC conversion at high power and high voltage levels, and show that the switching frequency can be significantly higher than obtained using GTO devices, leading to smaller, lighter weight, and potentially more cost effective equipment.
Abstract: Many industrial and military applications are arising that require high power DC-DC conversion. These applications include shipboard, spaceborne, and transportation power systems. By employing new high voltage, high power IGBTs, along with modern soft-switching techniques, the switching frequency can be significantly higher than obtained using GTO devices, which in turn can lead to smaller, lighter weight, and potentially more cost effective equipment. The purpose of this paper is to compare the properties of several soft-switching converter topologies when used to achieve DC-DC conversion at high power and high voltage levels. As an example, a 100 kW transformer isolated converter with 700-1400 V DC input is designed with an estimated weight in the 200 pound range and an energy efficiency of 95%. >
Citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors comprehensively review and classify various step-up dc-dc converters based on their characteristics and voltage-boosting techniques, and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these voltage boosting techniques and associated converters.
Abstract: DC–DC converters with voltage boost capability are widely used in a large number of power conversion applications, from fraction-of-volt to tens of thousands of volts at power levels from milliwatts to megawatts. The literature has reported on various voltage-boosting techniques, in which fundamental energy storing elements (inductors and capacitors) and/or transformers in conjunction with switch(es) and diode(s) are utilized in the circuit. These techniques include switched capacitor (charge pump), voltage multiplier, switched inductor/voltage lift, magnetic coupling, and multistage/-level, and each has its own merits and demerits depending on application, in terms of cost, complexity, power density, reliability, and efficiency. To meet the growing demand for such applications, new power converter topologies that use the above voltage-boosting techniques, as well as some active and passive components, are continuously being proposed. The permutations and combinations of the various voltage-boosting techniques with additional components in a circuit allow for numerous new topologies and configurations, which are often confusing and difficult to follow. Therefore, to present a clear picture on the general law and framework of the development of next-generation step-up dc–dc converters, this paper aims to comprehensively review and classify various step-up dc–dc converters based on their characteristics and voltage-boosting techniques. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of these voltage-boosting techniques and associated converters are discussed in detail. Finally, broad applications of dc–dc converters are presented and summarized with comparative study of different voltage-boosting techniques.
1,230 citations
Cites background from "A comparison of high power DC-to-DC..."
...itary), high-voltage/power dc–dc converters, and high-voltage dc (HVDC) systems in utility grid applications [24], [38], [41], [42], [53], [114]–[122], [139], [178]–[188], [221]–[223], [228],...
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...renewable energy, military, and industrial applications [185], [228]....
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TL;DR: In this article, a comprehensive analysis and experimental results with pulsewidth-modulation (PWM) control of the dual-active-bridge (DAB) topology is presented.
Abstract: The dual-active-bridge (DAB) topology is ideally suited for high-power dc-dc conversion, especially when bidirectional power transfer is required. However, it has the drawback of high circulating currents and hard switching at light loads, if wide variation in input and output is expected. To address these issues, this paper presents a comprehensive analysis and experimental results with pulsewidth-modulation (PWM) control of the DAB. The PWM control is in addition to phase-shift modulation between the two H-bridges. The analysis addresses PWM of one bridge at a time and of both bridges simultaneously. In the latter, five distinct modes arise based on the choice of PWM and load condition. The possibilities are analyzed for optimizing power density and efficiency for low-load operation. Finally, a composite scheme combining single and dual PWM is proposed that extends the soft-switching range down to zero-load condition, reduces rms and peak currents, and results in significant size reduction of the transformer. Experimental results are presented with a 10-kW prototype.
480 citations
Cites background from "A comparison of high power DC-to-DC..."
...Details of DAB operation and comparison with other topologies can be found in [1] [4] [5] [6]....
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TL;DR: In this article, an optimal modulation scheme that enables minimum conduction and copper losses is presented for a bidirectional dual active bridge (DAB) dc-dc converter, which is employed for an automotive application.
Abstract: An optimal modulation scheme that enables minimum conduction and copper losses is presented for a bidirectional dual active bridge (DAB) dc-dc converter. The considered converter system is employed for an automotive application and comprises of a high voltage (HV) port with port voltage V1, 240V ≤ V1 ≤ 450 V, and a low voltage (LV) port with port voltage V2, 11 V ≤ V2 ≤ 16 V; the rated output power is 2 kW. The closed-form expressions for the optimal control parameters are derived and implementation details are presented in order to facilitate the direct application to a given DAB converter. The paper further details the properties of the presented modulation scheme with respect to switching losses. Experimental results confirm a considerable increase of the converter efficiency achieved with the proposed optimal modulation scheme, compared to the efficiency obtained with conventional phase shift modulation. The efficiency increase is most distinct at V1=450V and V2 = 11V with an increase from 78.6% to 90.6% at 1 kW output power and from 85.9% to 90.7% at rated output power as compared to conventional phase shift modulation.
476 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a switching control strategy to control the power flow and minimize the total power losses of the dual active bridge converter topology is proposed, which consists of driving the bridge with the largest DC voltage to generate a three-level pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) voltage waveform.
Abstract: A switching control strategy to control the power flow and minimize the total power losses of the dual active bridge converter topology is proposed in this paper. The control strategy consists of driving the bridge with the largest DC voltage to generate a three-level pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) voltage waveform. This PWM is ruled by two manipulated variables: the phase shift between the primary and secondary transformer voltages and the modulation index. These variables are calculated using an algorithm that is deduced on the basis of particular calculation and analysis of converter losses, which are also presented in this paper. An experimental prototype was implemented to validate the theoretical analysis and feasibility of the proposal. The experimental results revealed that the overall efficiency of this converter can be improved up to 10% using the control strategy instead of the conventional one.
473 citations
TL;DR: This paper compares the near-optimal configurations for three topologies of vehicles: fuel-cell-battery, fuel- cell-ultracapacitor, and fuel- Cell-batteries-ULTracAPacitor to improve performance, fuel economy, and powertrain cost.
Abstract: Although many researchers have investigated the use of different powertrain topologies, component sizes, and control strategies in fuel-cell vehicles, a detailed parametric study of the vehicle types must be conducted before a fair comparison of fuel-cell vehicle types can be performed. This paper compares the near-optimal configurations for three topologies of vehicles: fuel-cell-battery, fuel-cell-ultracapacitor, and fuel-cell-battery-ultracapacitor. The objective function includes performance, fuel economy, and powertrain cost. The vehicle models, including detailed dc/dc converter models, are programmed in Matlab/Simulink for the customized parametric study. A controller variable for each vehicle type is varied in the optimization.
348 citations
References
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01 Apr 1988
TL;DR: In this paper, the half-bridge series-resonant, parallel-reonant and combination series-parallel resonant converters are compared for low-output-voltage power supply applications.
Abstract: The half-bridge series-resonant, parallel-resonant, and combination series-parallel resonant converters are compared for use in low-output-voltage power supply applications. It is shown that the combination series-parallel converter, which takes on the desirable characteristics of the pure series and the pure parallel converter, avoids the main disadvantages of each of them. Analyses and breadboard results show that the combination converter can run over a large input voltage range and a large load range (no load to full load) while maintaining excellent efficiency. A useful analysis technique based on classical AC complex analysis is introduced. >
1,795 citations
07 Oct 1990
TL;DR: In this article, the performance of a high-power, high-density DC-to-DC converter based on the single-phase dual active bridge (DAB) topology is described.
Abstract: The performance of a high-power, high-power-density DC-to-DC converter based on the single-phase dual active bridge (DAB) topology is described. The dual active bridge converter has been shown to have very attractive features in terms of low device and component stresses, small filter components, low switching losses, high power density and high efficiency, bidirectional power flow, buck-boost operation, and low sensitivity to system parasitics. For high output voltages, on the order of kilovolts, a cascaded output structure is considered. The effects of snubber capacitance and magnetizing inductance on the soft switching region of control are discussed. Various control schemes are outlined. Coaxial transformer design techniques have been utilized to carefully control leakage inductance. The layout and experimental performance of a prototype 50 kW 50 kHz unit operating with an input voltage of 200 V DC and an output voltage of 1600 V DC are presented. >
1,311 citations
07 Oct 1990
TL;DR: The auxiliary resonant commutated pole (ARCP) as discussed by the authors is a new power converter topology that fully achieves soft switching without increasing primary device voltage or current ratings, and is capable of true pulse-width modulation (PWM) control of each phase.
Abstract: The auxiliary resonant commutated pole (ARCP), a new power converter topology that fully achieves soft switching without increasing primary device voltage or current ratings, is discussed. The ARCP converter is capable of true pulse-width modulation (PWM) control of each phase. The power circuit relies on the addition of an auxiliary triggered resonant commutation circuit or snubber to commutate the inductive load current from a main diode to an active device, allowing a zero voltage turn-off of the main devices. The auxiliary devices operate in a zero current soft switching mode, thereby requiring minimal current turn-off capability. The operation and control of the ARCP converter are discussed. Its performance is analyzed, and a simulation is presented. It is shown that the ARCP converter is capable of operation at elevated switching frequencies (10-30 kHz), high power levels (200-1000 kW), and high conversion efficiencies. the auxiliary devices will typically account for a 20% increase in the total silicon area of a three-phase power converter. >
671 citations
01 Oct 1989
TL;DR: In this paper, a lossless resonant snubberber is proposed to avoid trapping energy in a converter circuit where high dynamic stresses at both turn-on and turn-off are normally encountered.
Abstract: A resonant snubber is described for voltage-source inverters, current-source inverters, and self-commutated frequency changers. The main self-turn-off devices have shunt capacitors directly across them. The lossless resonant snubber described avoids trapping energy in a converter circuit where high dynamic stresses at both turn-on and turn-off are normally encountered. This is achieved by providing a temporary parallel path through a small ordinary thyristor (or other device operating in a similar node) to take over the high-stress turn-on duty from the main gate turn-off (GTO) or power transistor, in a manner that leaves no energy trapped after switching. >
339 citations
Patent•
28 Apr 1988TL;DR: In this paper, a full bridge integrable dc-to-dc converter is described which includes four FET switching devices wherein the parasitic capacitors of the switching devices exchange energy with the leakage and magnetizing inductances of the converter transformer.
Abstract: A full bridge integrable dc-to-dc converter is described which includes four FET switching devices wherein the parasitic capacitors of the switching devices exchange energy with the leakage and magnetizing inductances of the converter transformer. Since energy is exchanged between the passive components of the circuit, the switching is accomplished in a substantially lossless manner. Energy not transmitted to the load is returned to the source rather than being dissipated in the active devices of the converter. Further, single frequency operation is accomplished over a broad range of output conditions by phase shifting the converter legs relative to one another.
135 citations