A Comparison of Measures of Core Inflation
Summary (2 min read)
1. Introduction
- Entral banks differ in their specific inflation objectives and conduct of policy.
- Because of the lagged effects of monetary policy, mistaking the nature of price changes can be extremely costly.
- The lack of consensus on a preferred measure of core inflation might seem surprising given the importance of this information to policymakers.
- To evaluate the core measures of inflation, the authors select criteria that have been used in previous studies: ease of design, a similar mean to the goal inflation series, and an ability to track the trend in the goal inflation series.
2. Motivation and Concepts
- Almost all central banks are concerned with, and have some mandate to achieve, price stability.
- One reason for this linkage is that the prices for many capital goods purchased by businesses are extremely difficult to measure,1 as are those for many products provided by governments (such as public education).
- Another reason why a central bank would be concerned with movements in a household or consumer price measure is that many formal escalation arrangements, notably for wages as well as taxes and government benefits, are connected to indexes of consumer prices.
- The more familiar measure of core inflation as aggregate price growth excluding food and energy appears to have been analyzed first in a systematic fashion in a paper by Gordon (1975b).
- 5Some researchers (Aoki 2001; Benigno 2004; Goodfriend and King 1997) have argued that the appropriate goal for monetary policy should be set in terms of a measure of “core” inflation.
3. Core Inflation: Proposed Measures and Evaluation
- Alternative measures of core inflation have been proposed.
- This development likely reflects the lack of a widely accepted definition of core inflation.
- Some of these measures associate the bulk of transitory price fluctuations with specific components, thereby prompting their exclusion from an aggregate price index.
- In their view, any evaluation of a trimmed mean measure should be undertaken using recursive estimation so that the trimmed mean is constructed sequentially.
- Clark (2001) judges core inflation measures based on their complexity, similarity of means, ability to track a measure of the trend rate of inflation, and within-sample predictive content (criteria 1, 2, 3, and part of criterion 4).
It is important to note . . . that in the
- Literature there has been little uniformity in the criteria used to evaluate core measures of inflation.
- There is one additional point that merits attention, given the conflicting evidence reported in previous studies.
- It is important to note that these views reflect not only an explicit statement about the sources of transitory price movements, but also an implicit assumption concerning the invariance of these sources.
- If the pattern of transitory price movements were to change over time, then the reliability of core inflation measures would likely be affected.
- Keeping these considerations in mind, the authors now turn to the empirical framework.
4. Empirical Framework
- For the analysis, the authors restrict their attention to aggregate inflation measures that would likely be of interest to policymakers and the public.
- The authors select two measures: quarterly growth in the PCE index and quarterly growth in the methodologically consistent CPI.
- To gauge the accuracy with which core inflation tracks trend inflation, the authors follow Clark (2001) and use a measure of volatility for this assessment.
- For the within-sample analysis, the authors undertake the estimation of equation 3, using all available observations over a sample period and allowing the values of h to range from one to twelve quarters.
- As a second point, the authors recognize that there may be caveats associated with some of the statistical criteria used to evaluate the candidate core inflation series.
5. Empirical Results
- The data on the candidate core measures for PCE inflation start in 1959:2.
- For both the weighted median series and the exponentially smoothed PCE, the means of the core inflation measures are somewhat higher than those of the respective aggregate inflation series.
- The Diebold-Mariano (1995) test statistic considers the null hypothesis of equal root mean squared error (RMSE) against the alternative hypothesis that the RMSE of a relevant benchmark series is lower, also known as Notes.
- In the case of the forecasts for the post-1995 period, the core inflation measure associated with the lowest RMSE varied from the ex energy series (four-quarter horizon) to the exponentially smoothed series (eight-quarter horizon) to the ex food and energy series (twelve-quarter horizon).
- When there is evidence indicating that a core inflation measure may be well suited for performing a particular task, the same measure often displays inferior performance in terms of other criteria.
6. Conclusion
- Viewing the stabilization of CPI or PCE inflation as plausible goals for U.S. monetary policy, the authors evaluate several proposed measures of “core” inflation.
- Rather, the authors documented considerable variation in the performance of the candidate series.
- Another possibility is to acknowledge that different core inflation measures seem better suited to performing different tasks, and then adopt the appropriate core inflation measure as the guide for a particular stated purpose.
- “An Alternative Measure of Core Inflation.” Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago Economic Perspectives 30, first quarter: 55-65.
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Citations
9 citations
Cites background or result from "A Comparison of Measures of Core In..."
...The result that no particular measure appears to be clearly superior to the others is similar to that found by Rich and Steindel (2007), who explain this as a reflection of the varying nature of the transitory shocks hitting inflation....
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...7 See for example Rich and Steindel (2007) and Cecchetti (2007)....
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...No particular measure seems to be clearly superior to the others, a result similar to that found by Rich and Steindel (2007), who explain this as a reflection of the varying nature of the transitory shocks hitting inflation....
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...…the core inflation indicators according to standard criteria suggests that no particular measure seems to be clearly superior to the others, a result similar to that found by Rich and Steindel (2007), who explain this as a reflection of the varying nature of the transitory shocks hitting inflation....
[...]
9 citations
Cites background or methods or result from "A Comparison of Measures of Core In..."
...35 Using quarterly data from the period 1978-2004 and examining traditional underlying inflation measures, Rich and Steindel (2007) find that the property of unbiasedness can be rejected, but there is less evidence against the hypothesis that the coefficient on the deviation equals –1....
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...When we focus solely on the traditional underlying inflation measures, they do not differ much in their forecasting performance, confirming the previous findings in Rich and Steindel (2007)....
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...12 In their comprehensive comparison of core inflation measures, Rich and Steindel (2007) conclude that no single core measure outperforms the others over different sample periods owing to the fact that there is considerable variability in the nature and sources of transitory price movements....
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...We attribute the robustness of the UIG’s greater accuracy in this regard to its use of a large data panel and its focus on only the persistent part of the common component of inflation.6 4 See, for example, Rich and Steindel (2007) and the references therein....
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...38 To ensure comparability we use the same setting as in Rich and Steindel (2007), which compares forecast performance of traditional core measures....
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7 citations
6 citations
Cites background from "A Comparison of Measures of Core In..."
...Similar arguments have been made by Clinton (2006) and Rich and Steindel (2007)....
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6 citations
References
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"A Comparison of Measures of Core In..." refers background in this paper
...5Some researchers (Aoki 2001; Benigno 2004; Goodfriend and King 1997) have argued that the appropriate goal for monetary policy should be set in terms of a measure of “core” inflation....
[...]
736 citations
"A Comparison of Measures of Core In..." refers background in this paper
...In addition to these four series, Rich and Steindel (2005) examine exponentially smoothed versions of the ex food and energy, ex energy, and weighted median series as candidate core inflation measures....
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