A comprehensive review of green policy, anaerobic digestion of animal manure and chicken litter feedstock potential – Global and Irish perspective
TL;DR: The authors in this paper have identified many optimisation strategies to overcome these issues and demonstrated the advantages of using chicken litter in anaerobic digestion including odor reduction, greenhouse gas mitigation, production of gaseous biofuel, avoiding eutrophication of water bodies and significantly improving global production of renewable energy to help countries reduce their carbon emissions.
Abstract: Renewable energy has become increasingly popular in the recent times as countries have shifted focus towards carbon-neutral and environmentally sustainable sources of energy. Biogas and biomethane derived energy from Anaerobic Digestion of organic waste have proved to be excellent alternative to fossil-fuel based energy. Many countries around the world are actively adopting biomethane as an alternative to petrol/diesel or use biogas to provide energy for the domestic sector through combined heat and power plants. The contribution of anaerobic digestion in the Irish energy sector remains quite low as compared to its European union counterparts due to related legislation and lack of government incentives. Nevertheless, Ireland is rich in biomass with a huge potential for developing its renewable energy sector from anaerobic digestion of agricultural waste, which is relatively inexpensive and available here in abundance. Chicken litter is one such waste which offers a variety of environmental benefits as anaerobic digestion feedstock. In comparison to cow manure and pig manure, chicken litter was relatively unpopular in anaerobic digestion due to its high nitrogen and lignocellulose content. Further, the global production of chicken manure has been increasing constantly thus making its disposal challenging across the world. However, researchers have identified many optimisation strategies to overcome these issues and demonstrated the advantages of using chicken litter in anaerobic digestion including odor reduction, greenhouse gas mitigation, production of gaseous biofuel, avoiding eutrophication of water bodies and significantly improving global production of renewable energy to help countries reduce their carbon emissions.
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TL;DR: In this paper , the most recent enzyme hydrolysis pathways, microbial fermentation, microbial fuel cells, and anaerobic digestion in the manufacture of bioethanol/bioenergy from lignocellulose biomass were investigated.
11 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , a review of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous cycles in processing of poultry manure with the most common technologies such as composting, anaerobic digestion, or thermal processes, e.g. pyrolysis.
Abstract: Abstract Poultry manure (PM) has become a serious environmental problem due to large scale of industrial production and unsustainable management, causing emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), odors, leakage of nutrients as well as inorganic, organic and biological pollutants. The main goal of this review was to get a better understanding of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous cycles in processing of poultry manure with the most common technologies such as composting, anaerobic digestion, or thermal processes, e.g. pyrolysis. The carbon contained in organic matter (ca. 31%) is mineralized and humified under aerobic conditions (matter recovery) and/or converted into biogas under anaerobic conditions (energy recovery). PM as a feedstock for pyrolysis to obtain biochar may effectively store and prevent C, thus contributing to climate change abatement. During composting, nitrogen is reduced from the compost mixture by leachates in the form of NH4 +, NO3 − or gaseous emissions of NH3, N2O, N2. The C/N ratio is also decisive parameter. Most environmental threats of unmanaged PM result from ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions, being higher for PM compared to cattle and cow manure independently of technological processes. The phosphorous in PM is mainly inorganic (32-84%). Using untreated manure as a fertilizer does not allow taking up high doses of phosphorus contained in poultry manure, so the excess accumulates in the soil and then leaches into groundwater. Biochar and struvite are an alternative to storage and source of high concentrations of phosphorous. Cycles of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus are an integral effect of technologies used for PM management. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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TL;DR: In this article , a grid-integrated and stand-alone biomass-based hybrid power system for the energy demand of a rural region containing poultry farms was proposed, and sensitivity analyses were performed, considering the estimated load and inflations using an artificial neural network method.
8 citations
TL;DR: In this article , the authors present a characterization of a combustion process using mixtures of chicken manure with straw or wood (sawdust) in terms of thermal self-sufficiency of a poultry farm.
5 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the effects of mixing three elemental organic waste fractions (fruit and vegetable, meat, and fish) during anaerobic digestion were evaluated, concerning the single digestion of each fraction, the gas generation, and the process performance.
4 citations
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TL;DR: Effective parameters in pretreatment of lignocelluloses, such as crystallinity, accessible surface area, and protection by lignin and hemicellulose are described first, and several pretreatment methods are discussed and their effects on improvement in ethanol and/or biogas production are described.
Abstract: Lignocelluloses are often a major or sometimes the sole components of different waste streams from various industries, forestry, agriculture and municipalities. Hydrolysis of these materials is the first step for either digestion to biogas (methane) or fermentation to ethanol. However, enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocelluloses with no pretreatment is usually not so effective because of high stability of the materials to enzymatic or bacterial attacks. The present work is dedicated to reviewing the methods that have been studied for pretreatment of lignocellulosic wastes for conversion to ethanol or biogas. Effective parameters in pretreatment of lignocelluloses, such as crystallinity, accessible surface area, and protection by lignin and hemicellulose are described first. Then, several pretreatment methods are discussed and their effects on improvement in ethanol and/or biogas production are described. They include milling, irradiation, microwave, steam explosion, ammonia fiber explosion (AFEX), supercritical CO2 and its explosion, alkaline hydrolysis, liquid hot-water pretreatment, organosolv processes, wet oxidation, ozonolysis, dilute- and concentrated-acid hydrolyses, and biological pretreatments.
2,510 citations
TL;DR: The current state and perspectives of biogas production, including the biochemical parameters and feedstocks which influence the efficiency and reliability of the microbial conversion and gas yield are reviewed.
Abstract: Anaerobic digestion of energy crops, residues, and wastes is of increasing interest in order to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions and to facilitate a sustainable development of energy supply. Production of biogas provides a versatile carrier of renewable energy, as methane can be used for replacement of fossil fuels in both heat and power generation and as a vehicle fuel. For biogas production, various process types are applied which can be classified in wet and dry fermentation systems. Most often applied are wet digester systems using vertical stirred tank digester with different stirrer types dependent on the origin of the feedstock. Biogas is mainly utilized in engine-based combined heat and power plants, whereas microgas turbines and fuel cells are expensive alternatives which need further development work for reducing the costs and increasing their reliability. Gas upgrading and utilization as renewable vehicle fuel or injection into the natural gas grid is of increasing interest because the gas can be used in a more efficient way. The digestate from anaerobic fermentation is a valuable fertilizer due to the increased availability of nitrogen and the better short-term fertilization effect. Anaerobic treatment minimizes the survival of pathogens which is important for using the digested residue as fertilizer. This paper reviews the current state and perspectives of biogas production, including the biochemical parameters and feedstocks which influence the efficiency and reliability of the microbial conversion and gas yield.
2,440 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present some guidelines for biomethane potential assays prepared by the Task Group for the Anaerobic Biodegradation, Activity and Inhibition Assays of the International Water Association.
1,606 citations
Book•
18 Aug 2003TL;DR: This chapter discusses the construction of Anaerobic Digesters, and some of the components that went into their manufacture, as well as their use in the manufacture and operation.
Abstract: Preface. PART I: OVERVIEW. 1. Introduction. 2. Bacteria. 3. Methane-forming Bacteria. 4. Respiration. 5. Anaerobic Food Chain. 6. Fermentation. 7. Anaerobic Digestion Steps. PART II: SUBSTRATES, PRODUCTS, AND BIOGAS. 8. Substrates and Products. 9. Biogas. PART III: OPERATIONAL CONDITIONS. 10. Introduction to Operational Conditions. 11. Start-up. 12. Sludge Feed. 13. Retention Times. 14. Temperature. 15. Nutrients. 16. Alkalinity and pH. 17. Toxicity. 18. Mixing. PART IV: PROCESS CONTROL AND TROUBLESHOOTING. 19. Upsets and Unstable Digesters. 20. Foam and Scum Production and Accumulation. 21. Supernatant. 22. Monitoring. PART V: DIGESTERS. 23. Types of Anaerobic Digesters. 24. Anaerobic Digesters verses Aerobic Digesters. References. Abbreviations and Acronyms. Chemical Compounds and Elements. Glossary. Index.
1,173 citations
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of research achievements on anaerobic digestion developments for biogas production is presented in this article, which includes a discussion of factors affecting efficiency (temperature, pH, C/N ratio, OLR and retention time).
Abstract: With the rising demand for renewable energy and environmental protection, anaerobic digestion of biogas technology has attracted considerable attention within the scientific community. This paper presents a comprehensive review of research achievements on anaerobic digestion developments for biogas production. The review includes a discussion of factors affecting efficiency (temperature, pH, C/N ratio, OLR and retention time), accelerants (greenery biomass, biological pure culture and inorganic additives), reactors (conventional anaerobic reactors, sludge retention reactors and anaerobic membrane reactors) and biogas AD processes (lignocellulose waste, municipal solid waste, food waste, livestock manure and waste activated sludge) based on substrate characteristics and discusses the application of each forementioned aspect. The factors affecting efficiency are crucial to anaerobic digestion, because they play a major role in biogas production and determine the metabolic conditions for microorganism growth. As an additive, an accelerant is not only regarded as a nutrient resource, but can also improve biodegradability. The focus of reactor design is the sufficient utilization of a substrate by changing the feeding method and enhancing the attachment to biomass. The optimal digestion process balances the optimal digest conditions with the cost-optimal input/output ratio. Additionally, establishment of theoretical and technological studies should emphasize practicality based on laboratory-scale experiments because further development of biogas plants would allow for a transition from household to medium- and large-scale projects; therefore, improving stability and efficiency are recommended for advancing AD research.
1,149 citations