A Comprehensive Review on Spectrum Management, Security and Energy-Efficient Cognitive Radio Networks
17 Jan 2019-International Journal of Computer Applications (Foundation of Computer Science)-Vol. 182, Iss: 37, pp 25-44
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the potential management of spectrum techniques, essentially in spectrum sensing, spectrum allocation, spectrum sharing, and spectrum handoff in CRN and studied the energy efficient routing techniques like network optimization frameworks in cooperative networks, protocols and different types of attack issues.
Abstract: The explosive growth of mobile devices and the rapid increase in wireless services necessitate an improvement in communication techniques. This technology can boost spectrum utilization as well as meet the massive connectivity requirement to draw attention from academia and industry. Cognitive Radio Network (CRN) is an evident optimal solution in alleviating the challenges of spectrum unused potentially in wireless networks. The Secondary Users are allowed intelligently to access the sections of spectrum unused (spectrum holes) by the authorized Primary Users (PUs). The objective of this paper is to analyze channel throughput, delay, carrier aggregations, energy efficiency, and security challenges and provide research ideas to enhance the overall performance of the CRN. This review paper completely investigated the potential management of spectrum techniques, essentially in spectrum sensing, spectrum allocation, spectrum sharing, and spectrum handoff in CRN. In addition, we study the energy efficient routing techniques like network optimization frameworks in cooperative networks, protocols and different types of attack issues, approaches for handling the secure communication in CRNs. The state of art review, which deeply examines the Cognitive Radio Network providing an idea of important technology and challenges are addressed. The open research challenges related to spectrum management, energy efficient routing and security are discussed.
Citations
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TL;DR: A novel approach for resource allocation and sharing based on cooperative game theory, and cooperative node selection ensures maximized payoff is introduced and achieves better performance compared to the existing energy-aware scheduling approach in CRN.
13 citations
01 Dec 2019
TL;DR: This paper has focused on downlink communication for Cognitive Radio (CR)-NOMA network for resource allocation and secrecy and the simulation result obtained ensures higher throughput compared to the existing techniques.
Abstract: The demand of real-time wireless communication is increasing drastically where users demand for better Quality of Service (QoS) for various applications. Recently, the cognitive radio network has gained attraction in the field of communication due to its efficient nature of spectrum sensing and sharing. However, the interference between primary and secondary user is a tedious task which can degrade the performance. In order to address this issue, a multiple-access schemes are introduced and Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) is considered as most promising technique for addressing dynamic resource allocation, channel state information and eavesdropping. In this paper, we have focused on downlink communication for Cognitive Radio (CR)-NOMA network for resource allocation and secrecy. The simulation result obtained ensures higher throughput compared to the existing techniques.
1 citations
Cites background from "A Comprehensive Review on Spectrum ..."
..., [19] analyzed the review on spectrum management techniques, energy detection, energy efficient routing approaches and security techniques for Cognitive Radio Network....
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01 Nov 2019
TL;DR: An Energy Efficient Cooperative Localization approach $(E^{2}- CL)$ in CRN is proposed, which is used for placing Primary User (PU) position with the help of a mobile aided CR and achieves better performance compared to existing Cooperative localization (CL) with respect to energy efficiency.
Abstract: With the advancement of Cognitive Radio Network (CRN), localization of primary users progress the improvement of network performance with respect to power adoption and reliability. Moreover, CRN localization is essential because storage energy of CR devices is limited. By considering these issues, we propose an Energy Efficient Cooperative Localization approach $(E^{2}- CL)$ in CRN, which is used for placing Primary User (PU) position with the help of a mobile aided CR. Moreover, communication among CRs cooperation that leads to demand of more energy, a mobile CR is allowed to manage the overall positional accuracy and wake up minimum number of CR to collaborate CR manager. We evaluated the simulation results for the proposed Energy Efficient Cooperative Localization $(E^{2}\,- CL)$ approach which achieves better performance compared to existing Cooperative Localization (CL) with respect to energy efficiency.
Cites background from "A Comprehensive Review on Spectrum ..."
..., [12] studied the review on spectrum management techniques which supports sensing, deciding and allocation....
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07 Jun 2019
TL;DR: This paper recommends game theory approach for allocation of resources, sharing spectrum cooperatively and ensures maxumized payoff in CRN based system and results in optimizing the backlog performance and reduces the consumption of energy.
Abstract: Rapid growth of mobile wireless communication system has increased for numerous real-time applications. This causes heavy usage of radio spectrum in computing services. However, the system provides high speed communication is unable to serve the required performance with wrong use of resources and spectrum. In order to overcome this problem, Cognitive Radio Network (CRN) architecture is recommended in real time communication systems. CRN based system experiences lack of resource allocation, spectrum sensing and consumption of power. In this paper, we recommend game theory approach for allocation of resources, sharing spectrum cooperatively and ensures maxumized payoff. The extensive simulation study results in optimizing the backlog performance and reduces the consumption of energy.
Cites methods from "A Comprehensive Review on Spectrum ..."
..., [8] studied the various approaches of spectrum management techniques, energy efficient routing approaches and security techniques for Cognitive Radio Network....
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30 Jun 2019
TL;DR: Cognitive Capacity Harvesting network is looked at and a mult-hop cognitive radio network routing protocol Multi-Coefficient based Shortest Anypath Routing (MCSAR) is devised based on the link quality, energy consumption and trust values for identifying the next-hop, which ensures better efficiency.
Abstract: Wireless communication technology has grown tremendously with an advancement of better communication quality. The communication quality depends on the available spectrum bands but due to increased demand, the spectrum scarcity has become a challenging issue. Besides, insignificant spectrum utilization in a wireless network degrades the performance issues. Recently dynamic spectrum management is proposed as a recommended solution by Federeal Communication Commission (FCC) which can enhance the spectrum management. Owing to this spectrum management, Cognitive Radio networks converging to offer possible solution. Accordingly, in this paper, we look at Cognitive Capacity Harvesting network and developed a mult-hop cognitive radio network routing protocol. The proposed routing protocol Multi-Coefficient based Shortest Anypath Routing (MCSAR) is devised based on the link quality, energy consumption and trust values for identifying the next-hop. Additionally, we incorporate the improved Bellman-Ford algorithm for further optimization of the communication. Generally, anypath routing provides two optimal paths in which selection of one optimal path becomes a challenging issue. In order to overcome this issue, we propose priority weight computation where distance from current node to destination node and its trust factors are considered for forwarding node selection. The performance of proposed approach is compared against conventional/existing anypath routing schemes. The extensive simulation result obtained ensures better efficiency in terms of packet delivery ratio, overhead of communication and computation, end-to-end delay, and throughput.
Cites background from "A Comprehensive Review on Spectrum ..."
...,[19] studied the review on spectrum management techniques which supports sensing, deciding and allocation....
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References
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TL;DR: This survey paper focuses on the enabling techniques for interweave CR networks which have received great attention from standards perspective due to its reliability to achieve the required quality-of-service.
Abstract: Due to the under-utilization problem of the allocated radio spectrum, cognitive radio (CR) communications have recently emerged as a reliable and effective solution. Among various network models, this survey paper focuses on the enabling techniques for interweave CR networks which have received great attention from standards perspective due to its reliability to achieve the required quality-of-service. Spectrum sensing provides the essential information to enable this interweave communications in which primary and secondary users are not allowed to access the medium concurrently. Several researchers have already considered various aspects to realize efficient techniques for spectrum sensing. In this direction, this survey paper provides a detailed review of the state-of-the-art related to the application of spectrum sensing in CR communications. Starting with the basic principles and the main features of interweave communications, this paper provides a classification of the main approaches based on the radio parameters. Subsequently, we review the existing spectrum sensing works applied to different categories such as narrowband sensing, narrowband spectrum monitoring, wideband sensing, cooperative sensing, practical implementation considerations for various techniques, and the recent standards that rely on the interweave network model. Furthermore, we present the latest advances related to the implementation of the legacy spectrum sensing approaches. Finally, we conclude this survey paper with some suggested open research challenges and future directions for the CR networks in next generation Internet-of-Things applications.
483 citations
TL;DR: The scope of this work is to give an overview of the security threats and challenges that cognitive radios and cognitive radio networks face, along with the current state-of-the-art to detect the corresponding attacks.
Abstract: With the rapid proliferation of new technologies and services in the wireless domain, spectrum scarcity has become a major concern. The allocation of the Industrial, Medical and Scientific (ISM) band has enabled the explosion of new technologies (e.g. Wi-Fi) due to its licence-exempt characteristic. The widespread adoption of Wi-Fi technology, combined with the rapid penetration of smart phones running popular user services (e.g. social online networks) has overcrowded substantially the ISM band. On the other hand, according to a number of recent reports, several parts of the static allocated licensed bands are under-utilized. This has brought up the idea of the opportunistic use of these bands through the, so-called, cognitive radios and cognitive radio networks. Cognitive radios have enabled the opportunity to transmit in several licensed bands without causing harmful interference to licensed users. Along with the realization of cognitive radios, new security threats have been raised. Adversaries can exploit several vulnerabilities of this new technology and cause severe performance degradation. Security threats are mainly related to two fundamental characteristics of cognitive radios: cognitive capability, and reconfigurability. Threats related to the cognitive capability include attacks launched by adversaries that mimic primary transmitters, and transmission of false observations related to spectrum sensing. Reconfiguration can be exploited by attackers through the use of malicious code installed in cognitive radios. Furthermore, as cognitive radio networks are wireless in nature, they face all classic threats present in the conventional wireless networks. The scope of this work is to give an overview of the security threats and challenges that cognitive radios and cognitive radio networks face, along with the current state-of-the-art to detect the corresponding attacks. In addition, future challenges are addressed.
434 citations
TL;DR: A cooperative Nash bargaining resource allocation algorithm is developed, and is shown to converge to a Pareto-optimal equilibrium for the cooperative game and the existence, uniqueness, and fairness of the solution to this game model are proved.
Abstract: Cognitive small cell networks have been envisioned as a promising technique for meeting the exponentially increasing mobile traffic demand. Recently, many technological issues pertaining to cognitive small cell networks have been studied, including resource allocation and interference mitigation, but most studies assume non-cooperative schemes or perfect channel state information (CSI). Different from the existing works, we investigate the joint uplink subchannel and power allocation problem in cognitive small cells using cooperative Nash bargaining game theory, where the cross-tier interference mitigation, minimum outage probability requirement, imperfect CSI and fairness in terms of minimum rate requirement are considered. A unified analytical framework is proposed for the optimization problem, where the near optimal cooperative bargaining resource allocation strategy is derived based on Lagrangian dual decomposition by introducing time-sharing variables and recalling the Lambert-W function. The existence, uniqueness, and fairness of the solution to this game model are proved. A cooperative Nash bargaining resource allocation algorithm is developed, and is shown to converge to a Pareto-optimal equilibrium for the cooperative game. Simulation results are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed cooperative game algorithm for efficient and fair resource allocation in cognitive small cell networks.
339 citations
TL;DR: A comprehensive survey on the CRN communication paradigm in SGs, including the system architecture, communication network compositions, applications, and CR-based communication technologies is provided.
Abstract: Traditional power grids are currently being transformed into smart grids (SGs). SGs feature multi-way communication among energy generation, transmission, distribution, and usage facilities. The reliable, efficient, and intelligent management of complex power systems requires integration of high-speed, reliable, and secure data information and communication technology into the SGs to monitor and regulate power generation and usage. Despite several challenges, such as trade-offs between wireless coverage and capacity as well as limited spectral resources in SGs, wireless communication is a promising SG communications technology. Cognitive radio networks (CRNs) in particular are highly promising for providing timely SG wireless communications by utilizing all available spectrum resources. We provide in this paper a comprehensive survey on the CRN communication paradigm in SGs, including the system architecture, communication network compositions, applications, and CR-based communication technologies. We highlight potential applications of CR-based SG systems. We survey CR-based spectrum sensing approaches with their major classifications. We also provide a survey on CR-based routing and MAC protocols, and describe interference mitigation schemes. We furthermore present open issues and research challenges faced by CR-based SG networks along with future directions.
336 citations
TL;DR: This article presents and discusses issues to highlight the case of CRs for green wireless communication systems and some fundamental trade-offs that emerge from these challenges and their impact on greening communications via cognitive functions are outlined.
Abstract: Cognitive functions in wireless network nodes are beneficial for leveraging intricate trade-offs among energy efficiency, performance and practicality. There are two fundamental but entangled aspects of cognitive radios in the green communications context: leveraging CRs for energy efficiency and operation of CRs with energy efficiency. In practice, these two objectives overlap since the improvement of energy efficiency with CRs require efficient CRs, whereas efficient wireless communications require cognitive abilities at different network components and protocols. However, there are intrinsic challenges such as hardware complexity, algorithmic problems, and design trade-offs. In this article we present and discuss these issues to highlight the case of CRs for green wireless communication systems. Additionally, some fundamental trade-offs that emerge from these challenges and their impact on greening communications via cognitive functions are outlined.
219 citations