Fig. 5: Plot of the energy function W (f) for measurements derived from a noisy Doppler tone at 1.4567 GHz over (a) the entire range of allowable frequencies and (b) frequencies close to the true CF. In (a) we see that the energy functional is clearly maximized in an area near the true CF, and (b) shows that the maximum of the energy function occurs at 1.4571 GHz. For this example, we used a total of 3315 Nyquist samples with a sampling rate of 5 GHz, so our intrinsic frequency resolution is on the order of 5 GHz/3315 ≈ 1.5 MHz. The estimate of the carrier frequency is well within this resolution.
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