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Journal ArticleDOI

A compressive MUSIC spectral approach for identification of closely-spaced structural natural frequencies and post-earthquake damage detection

07 Feb 2020-Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics (Elsevier)-Vol. 60, pp 103030
TL;DR: Results suggest that the adopted approach for identifying resonant frequencies of white-noise excited structures using acceleration measurements acquired at rates significantly below the Nyquist rate is robust and noise-immune while it can reduce data transmission requirements in acceleration wireless sensors for natural frequency identification and damage detection in engineering structures.
About: This article is published in Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics.The article was published on 2020-02-07 and is currently open access. It has received 15 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Sampling (signal processing) & Frequency domain.

Summary (3 min read)

1 Introduction and motivation

  • Moreover, over the past two decades, wireless sensors/accelerometers have been heavily explored to further support the considered aim within the OMA framework as they enable rapidly deployable and low up-front cost field instrumentation compared to arrays of wired sensors [11- 12].
  • Along these lines, herein, a sparse-free structural system identification approach is put forth to estimate natural frequencies of existing linearly vibrating structures exposed to unmeasured broadband/white noise, within the OMA framework, from response acceleration measurements sampled at rates significantly below the nominal Nyquist rate.

2 Mathematical Background of Proposed Method

  • 1 Co-prime sampling and auto-correlation estimation of stationary stochastic processes Let x(t) be a real-valued wide-sense stationary band-limited stochastic process assuming a spectral representation by a superposition of R sinusoidal functions with frequencies fr, real amplitudes Br, and uncorrelated random phases θr uniformly distributed in the interval [0, 2π].
  • This signal model is motivated by the fact that response time-histories of linear vibrating structures under low-amplitude ambient excitation have well-localized energy in the frequency domain centered at the structural natural frequencies (e.g., [34]) and, in this respect, the model proved to be adequate for CS-based modal analysis in a previous study [14].
  • Co-prime sampling assumes that the process x(t) is simultaneously acquired by two sampling units, operating at different (sub-Nyquist) sampling rates, 1/(N1Ts) and 1/(N2Ts), where N1, N2 are coprime numbers (N1 < N2), and 1/Ts= 2fmax is the Nyquist sampling rate with fmax being the highest frequency component in Eq. (1) [24].
  • In the following section, the latter matrix is used as input to the MUSIC super-resolution spectral estimator to detect the R frequencies fr, (r= 1,2,…,R), of the considered stochastic process x(t).
  • The first term in Eq. (8) represents the signal sub-space with R eigenvalues 2( )i + , i=1,…,R, and R principal eigenvectors spanning the same subspace with the signal vector in Eq. (5).

3 Identification of closely-spaced natural frequencies from noisy acceleration data

  • The proposed co-prime sampling with MUSIC spectral estimator approach is numerically assessed to estimate closely-spaced resonant frequencies of white-noise excited structures modelled as multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) dynamic systems.
  • The derived noisy acceleration response signals, x[q], are then and co-prime sampled as detailed in section 2.1 and the full-rank autocorrelation matrix in Eq. (7) is constructed.
  • For the other sub-Nyquist sampling cases in Table 1 the pertinent coprime sampling parameters and correlation estimators are defined in a similar manner as above.
  • MUSIC pseudo-spectra of structure 2 in Fig.2(b) obtained for co-prime sampling specifications of Table 1 and for 5 different SNR values, also known as Figure 4.

4 Application for natural frequency-based post-earthquake damage detection

  • An additional numerical study is undertaken to demonstrate the applicability and usefulness of the proposed system identification method in detecting relatively light structural damage induced to buildings by earthquakes.
  • Herein, much more flexible structural systems than those examined in the previous section (Fig.2) are considered being representative of large-scale engineering structures for which wireless-sensor assisted OMA is practically mostly relevant [11].
  • To this aim, the proposed approach is applied to estimate natural frequencies before (healthy state) and after (potentially damaged state) a seismic event within the standard OMA context (i.e., stationary excitation and linear structural response assumptions apply).
  • Notably, in this setting, the consideration of wireless sensors in conjunction with the proposed co-prime sampling plus MUSIC approach leading to reduced sensor energy consumption is practically quite beneficial as long-term/permanent structural monitoring deployments are required for the purpose.
  • In such deployments reducing battery replacement frequency, and thus maintenance costs, becomes critical and may be a main criterion for installing a monitoring system in the first place (e.g., [13]).

4.1 Adopted structure and seismic action

  • The planar 3-storey single-bay reinforced concrete (r/c) frame in Figure 5 is considered as a case-study structure with beams and columns longitudinal and transverse reinforcement as indicated in the figure.
  • Lo is the shear span taken herein as half the structural member length, dbl is the diameter of the longitudinal reinforcement, and fyk, fuk/fuk are the steel strength and strain hardening ratio, respectively, given in the previous sub-section.
  • Specifically, two equivalent linear FE models are defined, corresponding to the two different damage states, in which the earthquake-induced damage is represented by means of the flexural stiffness reduction factors of Table 3.
  • Further, the pre-eartquake/“healthy” state of the considered structure is modelled by a linear FE model with the secant flexural rigidities at yield presented in Table 2 assigned to the full length of structural members.

4.3 Post-earthquake damage detection

  • Linear RHA is undertaken for the three FE models defined in the previous sub-section (healthy plus two damaged states), using the same low amplitude white noise base excitation of 80s duration.
  • It is noted that a certain level of overlapping between the considered time blocks occurs, given that the structural response acceleration signals are only 8000 Nyquist samples long.
  • Compared to Fourier-based spectral estimators, MUSIC yields a pseudo-spectrum with sharp peaks corresponding to the natural frequencies of the white-noise excited 3-storey frame (following standard OMA and linear random vibrations considerations), while filtering out additive broadband noise.
  • In all plots, a shift of the natural frequencies towards smaller values is seen indicating structural damage.

5 Concluding Remarks

  • A novel natural frequency identification and damage detection approach has been established utilizing response acceleration measurements of white-noise excited structures sampled at rates significantly below the Nyquist rate supporting reduced data transmission in wireless sensors for vibration-based structural monitoring.
  • Acceleration time-histories are treated as realizations of a stationary stochastic process without posing any sparse structure requirements.
  • It was shown that the adopted co-prime MUSIC-based strategy is a potent tool for natural frequency identification within the operational modal analysis context, capable to efficiently address the structural modal coupling effect even by treating response signals buried in noise.
  • The effectiveness and applicability of the proposed approach was numerically evaluated using a white-noise excited linear reinforced concrete 3-storey frame in a healthy and two damaged states caused by two ground motions of increased intensity.
  • The numerical results demonstrate that the considered approach is capable to detect very small structural damage directly from the compressed measurements even for high noise levels at SNR=10dB.

Acknowledgments

  • This work has been partly funded by EPSRC in UK, under grant No EP/K023047/1: the second author is indebted to this support.
  • The first author further acknowledges the support of City, University of London through a PhD studentship.

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 (SFDRR) highlights the importance of scientific research, supporting the availability and application of science and technology to decision-making in disaster risk reduction.
Abstract: The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 (SFDRR) highlights the importance of scientific research, supporting the ‘availability and application of science and technology to decision making’ in disaster risk reduction (DRR). Science and technology can play a crucial role in the world’s ability to reduce casualties, physical damage, and interruption to critical infrastructure due to natural hazards and their complex interactions. The SFDRR encourages better access to technological innovations combined with increased DRR investments in developing cost-effective approaches and tackling global challenges. To this aim, it is essential to link multi- and interdisciplinary research and technological innovations with policy and engineering/DRR practice. To share knowledge and promote discussion on recent advances, challenges, and future directions on ‘Innovations in Earthquake Risk Reduction for Resilience’, a group of experts from academia and industry met in London, UK, in July 2019. The workshop focused on both cutting-edge ‘soft’ (e.g., novel modelling methods/frameworks, early warning systems, disaster financing and parametric insurance) and ‘hard’ (e.g., novel structural systems/devices for new structures and retrofitting of existing structures, sensors) risk-reduction strategies for the enhancement of structural and infrastructural earthquake safety and resilience. The workshop highlighted emerging trends and lessons from recent earthquake events and pinpointed critical issues for future research and policy interventions. This paper summarises some of the key aspects identified and discussed during the workshop to inform other researchers worldwide and extend the conversation to a broader audience, with the ultimate aim of driving change in how seismic risk is quantified and mitigated.

63 citations


Additional excerpts

  • ...Recent approaches for reducing wireless data transmission tailored for seismic V-SHM include the consideration of smart sensor triggering for on-demand measurements at the onset of seismic events, using programmable on-board event-based switching [338] as well as the consideration of compressive sampling schemes for accumulating and transmitting measurements at a small fraction of the Nyquist rate to detect natural frequency shifts due to earthquake damage [339]....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of the recent progress that used signal processing techniques for vibration-based structural health monitoring (SHM) approaches is presented in this article , where the feature extraction process through the signal processing technique is the basic skeleton of this review.

42 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
07 Jun 2020
TL;DR: The presented results show that the proposed MUSIC method can make an accurate and reliable estimation of the condition and location of three specific damage conditions, i.e., loosened bolts, internal corrosion, and external corrosion.
Abstract: A new multiple signal classification (MUSIC)-based methodology is presented for detecting and locating multiple damage types in a truss-type structure subjected to dynamic excitations. The methodology is based mainly on two steps: in step 1, the MUSIC method is employed to obtain the pseudo-spectra of vibration signatures, healthy and damaged, to be used for damage detection. In step 2, a new damage index, based on the obtained pseudo-spectra, is proposed to measure the structure condition. Furthermore, the damage location is estimated according to the variation in the amplitudes of the estimated pseudo-spectra. The presented results show that the proposed methodology can make an accurate and reliable estimation of the condition and location of three specific damage conditions, i.e., loosened bolts, internal corrosion, and external corrosion.

11 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , a review of high-dimensional data analytic (HDDA) methods for structural health monitoring (SHM) and non-destructive evaluation (NDE) applications is presented.
Abstract: Abstract This paper aims to review high-dimensional data analytic (HDDA) methods for structural health monitoring (SHM) and non-destructive evaluation (NDE) applications. High-dimensional data is a type of data in which the number of features for each observation is much larger than the number of all observations. High-dimensional data may violate assumptions of the classic methods for statistical modeling and data analysis. Then, classic statistical modeling will no longer be applicable. HDDA methods were developed to overcome this challenge and analyze these types of data. In the field of SHM/NDE, there are several sources of high-dimensionality. Examples include a large number of data points in continuous waves/signals or high-resolution images/videos. HDDA methods are used as a dimension-reduction tool to preprocess data for further analysis, or they are directly implemented for damage detection and localization. This paper reviews six HDDA methods as well as existing and potential applications in SHM/NDE. Particularly, this paper discusses the vast range of implemented SHM/NDE applications from crack detection to missing data imputation. Furthermore, experimental and simulated datasets have been used to show the application of HDDA methods as hands-on examples. It is shown that the potential of HDDA for SHM/NDE studies is significantly more than the existing studies in the literature, and these methods can be used as a powerful tool that provides vast opportunities in SHM/NDE.

10 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the problem of deriving non-stationary stochastic processes which are compatible with a given (target) response (uniform hazard) spectrum (UHS) as commonly desired in the aseismic structural design regulated by contemporary codes of practice is addressed by solving a standard over-determined minimization problem in conjunction with appropriate median peak factors.
Abstract: In this paper a novel approach is proposed to address the problem of deriving non-stationary stochastic processes which are compatible in the mean sense with a given (target) response (uniform hazard) spectrum (UHS) as commonly desired in the aseismic structural design regulated by contemporary codes of practice. The appealing feature of the approach is that it is non-iterative and “one-step”. This is accomplished by solving a standard over-determined minimization problem in conjunction with appropriate median peak factors. These factors are determined by a plethora of reported new Monte Carlo studies which on their own possess considerable stochastic dynamics merit. In the proposed approach, generation and treatment of samples of the processes individually on a deterministic basis is not required as is the case with the various “two-step” approaches found in the literature addressing the herein considered task. The applicability and usefulness of the approach is demonstrated by furnishing extensive numerical data associated with the elastic design UHS of the current European (EC8) and the Chinese (GB 50011) aseismic code provisions. Purposely, simple and thus attractive from a practical viewpoint, uniformly modulated processes assuming either the Kanai-Tajimi (K-T) or the Clough-Penzien (C-P) spectral form are employed. The Monte Carlo studies yield damping and duration dependent median peak factor spectra, given in a polynomial form, associated with the first passage problem for UHS compatible K-T and C-P uniformly modulated stochastic processes. Hopefully, the herein derived stochastic processes and median peak factor spectra can be used to facilitate the aseismic design of structures regulated by contemporary code provisions in a Monte Carlo simulation-based or stochastic dynamics-based context of analysis.

53 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a damage identification technique based on the minimization of an objective function measuring the differences between numerical and experimental variations of natural frequencies for undamaged and damaged parabolic arch is used.
Abstract: The dynamics of a parabolic arch is studied in its undamaged and damaged states. The damage consists of a notch that reduces the height of the cross section at a given abscissa. A damage identification technique, based on the minimization of an objective function measuring the differences between numerical and experimental variations of natural frequencies for undamaged and damaged states, is used. The uniqueness of the solution in different damage configurations is investigated using pseudo-experimental data and the reliability of the identification procedure is assessed. The identification procedure is then applied to an experimental case, where frequencies are obtained by impulsive tests on a prototype arch. The minimum number of experimental data needed to identify damage parameters is defined and the sensitivity of the identification algorithm to different possible choices of sets of data is analyzed.

52 citations


"A compressive MUSIC spectral approa..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Accurate identification of the natural frequencies of large-scale (civil) engineering structures and structural components is key to several important practical applications such as: the design verification of structural systems sensitive to resonance with external loading frequencies [1,2]; the detection of structural damage [3-5]; the tuning/designing of resonant vibration absorbers [6], meta-structures [7], and dynamic energy harvesters [8] for suppressing structural vibrations; the performance assessment of structures equipped with dynamic vibration absorbers [9]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a new damage detection method using the natural frequencies as damage feature is described in detail, which is defined by the relationship of NFVs in the damage feature database and the NFV measured on the actual structure are used as damage index.
Abstract: Based on the new conception of natural frequency vector (NFV) and natural frequency vector assurance criterion (NFVAC), a new damage detection method using the natural frequencies as damage feature is described in detail. For a specific structure, a series of damage states can be simulated based on the finite element model of the intact structure. Then, the NFVs of these damaged structures can be calculated and used to build the damage feature database of the structure. At last, the NFVAC, which is defined by the relationship of NFVs in the damage feature database and the NFV measured on the actual structure are used as damage index. An 8-story shear frame model is adopted as an example to verify the feasibility and validity of the proposed method. Both numerical simulations and model experiments for damage detection are performed, the results of damage detection for several damage cases demonstrate that using NFVAC as damage index, the damage location can be identified correctly and the damage extents ca...

49 citations

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TL;DR: In this article, a wavelet-based method is proposed to locate multiple damage sites and provide information on when damage occurs by performing wavelet transform of free vibration responses of structures in the damaged state.

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TL;DR: In this article, an approach aiming at robust evaluation and monitoring of dynamic properties for fast post-earthquake emergency support is proposed and the experimental field validation is discussed in detail.

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