A constraints-led perspective to understanding skill acquisition and game play: a basis for integration of motor learning theory and physical education praxis?
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...Through task constraints manipulation, it is feasible to create learning environments with constraints that are representative of those that players will face during performance (e.g., small-sided games) (Renshaw et al., 2010)....
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...The emergence of a dynamic motor skill theory, where games are viewed as complex adaptive systems defined by constraints (Davids et al., 2005; Renshaw et al., 2010) within which game behaviours arise, suggests that representative situations that link information with movement are best for skill learning, which is synonymous with den Duyn’s (1997) explanation of Game Sense as a sport pedagogy (refer to Figure 2)....
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...There is much more to playing games and sports than learning a motor skill in isolation (Chow et al., 2007; Davids et al., 2005; Renshaw et al., 2010)....
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...The idea of a non-linear pedagogy has been linked to TGfU, providing the theoretical skill acquisition ‘muscle’ missing in TGfU theoretical literature (Chow et al., 2007; Davids et al., 2005; Renshaw et al., 2010)....
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...The emergence of a dynamic motor skill theory, where games are viewed as complex adaptive systems defined by constraints (Davids et al., 2005; Renshaw et al., 2010) within which game behaviours arise, suggests that representative situations that link information with movement are best for skill…...
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...Stolz and Pill 61 There is much more to playing games and sports than learning a motor skill in isolation (Chow et al., 2007; Davids et al., 2005; Renshaw et al., 2010)....
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143 citations
References
21,493 citations
"A constraints-led perspective to un..." refers background in this paper
...A key underpinning concept in ecological psychology is the mutuality of the individual and the environment (Gibson 1986)....
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...Representative practice task design A key underpinning concept in ecological psychology is the mutuality of the individual and the environment (Gibson 1986)....
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...Humans must not only perceive information in order to move, but must also move in order to perceive more information for action (Gibson 1986)....
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...Gibson (1986) describes affordances as opportunities for action provided for the animal by the environment....
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6,041 citations
"A constraints-led perspective to un..." refers background in this paper
...This feature of ‘repetition without repetition’ (Bernstein 1967) in human movement systems provides learners with the capacity to invent novel adaptations to solve typical motor problems....
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...In line with the ideas of Bernstein (1967), he suggested further that self organisation via experiential practice is a ‘natural learning process’ and that an over-reliance on prescriptive instructions by teachers has undermined the opportunity to learn in this (unconscious) intuitive way....
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1,625 citations
"A constraints-led perspective to un..." refers background in this paper
...Newell (1986) classified constraints into three distinct categories to provide a coherent framework for understanding how movement patterns emerge during task performance....
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..., learner) seeking a stable state of organisation (Newell 1986)....
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...Performer, environmental and task constraints Constraints have been defined as boundaries which shape the emergence of behaviour from a movement system (e.g., learner) seeking a stable state of organisation (Newell 1986)....
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1,089 citations
"A constraints-led perspective to un..." refers background in this paper
...Research in motor learning has also advanced our knowledge about processes involved in the acquisition of movement skills (Handford et al. 1997; Magill 2006; Schmidt and Lee 2006)....
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819 citations