A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins
Peter J. Turnbaugh,Micah Hamady,Tanya Yatsunenko,Brandi L. Cantarel,Alexis E. Duncan,Ruth E. Ley,Mitchell L. Sogin,William J. Jones,Bruce A. Roe,Jason P. Affourtit,Michael Egholm,Bernard Henrissat,Andrew C. Heath,Rob Knight,Jeffrey I. Gordon +14 more
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TLDR
The faecal microbial communities of adult female monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs concordant for leanness or obesity, and their mothers are characterized to address how host genotype, environmental exposure and host adiposity influence the gut microbiome.Abstract:
The human distal gut harbours a vast ensemble of microbes (the microbiota) that provide important metabolic capabilities, including the ability to extract energy from otherwise indigestible dietary polysaccharides. Studies of a few unrelated, healthy adults have revealed substantial diversity in their gut communities, as measured by sequencing 16S rRNA genes, yet how this diversity relates to function and to the rest of the genes in the collective genomes of the microbiota (the gut microbiome) remains obscure. Studies of lean and obese mice suggest that the gut microbiota affects energy balance by influencing the efficiency of calorie harvest from the diet, and how this harvested energy is used and stored. Here we characterize the faecal microbial communities of adult female monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs concordant for leanness or obesity, and their mothers, to address how host genotype, environmental exposure and host adiposity influence the gut microbiome. Analysis of 154 individuals yielded 9,920 near full-length and 1,937,461 partial bacterial 16S rRNA sequences, plus 2.14 gigabases from their microbiomes. The results reveal that the human gut microbiome is shared among family members, but that each person's gut microbial community varies in the specific bacterial lineages present, with a comparable degree of co-variation between adult monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs. However, there was a wide array of shared microbial genes among sampled individuals, comprising an extensive, identifiable 'core microbiome' at the gene, rather than at the organismal lineage, level. Obesity is associated with phylum-level changes in the microbiota, reduced bacterial diversity and altered representation of bacterial genes and metabolic pathways. These results demonstrate that a diversity of organismal assemblages can nonetheless yield a core microbiome at a functional level, and that deviations from this core are associated with different physiological states (obese compared with lean).read more
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Richness of human gut microbiome correlates with metabolic markers
Trine Nielsen,Junjie Qin,Edi Prifti,Falk Hildebrand,Gwen Falony,Mathieu Almeida,Manimozhiyan Arumugam,Jean-Michel Batto,Sean Kennedy,Pierre Leonard,Junhua Li,Kristoffer Sølvsten Burgdorf,Niels Grarup,Torben Jørgensen,Torben Jørgensen,Torben Jørgensen,Ivan Brandslund,Henrik Nielsen,Agnieszka S. Juncker,Marcelo Bertalan,Florence Levenez,Nicolas Pons,Simon Rasmussen,Shinichi Sunagawa,Julien Tap,Sebastian Tims,Erwin G. Zoetendal,Søren Brunak,Karine Clément,Karine Clément,Joël Doré,Michiel Kleerebezem,Karsten Kristiansen,Pierre Renault,Thomas Sicheritz-Pontén,Willem M. de Vos,Willem M. de Vos,Jean-Daniel Zucker,Jean-Daniel Zucker,Jean-Daniel Zucker,Jeroen Raes,Torben Hansen,Torben Hansen,Peer Bork,Jun Wang,S. Dusko Ehrlich,Oluf Pedersen +46 more
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TL;DR: It is demonstrated that metabolism by intestinal microbiota of dietary l-carnitine, a trimethylamine abundant in red meat, also produces TMAO and accelerates atherosclerosis in mice, and intestinal microbiota may contribute to the well-established link between high levels of red meat consumption and CVD risk.
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