HAL Id: hal-00552594
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00552594
Submitted on 6 Jan 2011
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access
archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-
entic research documents, whether they are pub-
lished or not. The documents may come from
teaching and research institutions in France or
abroad, or from public or private research centers.
L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est
destinée au dépôt et à la diusion de documents
scientiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non,
émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de
recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires
publics ou privés.
A critical evaluation of cryoprecipitate for replacement
of brinogen
Benny Sørensen, David Bevan
To cite this version:
Benny Sørensen, David Bevan. A critical evaluation of cryoprecipitate for replacement of brinogen.
British Journal of Haematology, Wiley, 2010, 149 (6), pp.834. �10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08208.x�.
�hal-00552594�
For Peer Review
A critical evaluation of cryoprecipitate for replacement of
fibrinogen
Journal:
British Journal of Haematology
Manuscript ID:
BJH-2009-02003.R1
Manuscript Type:
Annotations
Date Submitted by the
Author:
25-Mar-2010
Complete List of Authors:
Sørensen, Benny; Center for Haemophilia and Thrombosis,
Department of Clinical Biochemistry
Bevan, David; Haemostasis Research Unit, Centre for Haemostasis
and Trombosis, Guy's and St Thomas NHS Trust Foundation &
King's College London School of Medicine
Key Words:
COAGULATION FACTORS, fibriogen, congentical fibrinogen
deficiency, cryprecipitate, mangement of perioperative bleeding
British Journal of Haematology
For Peer Review
Sørensen & Bevan Cryoprecipitate versus Fibrinogen concentrate
Page 1
A critical evaluation of cryoprecipitate for
replacement of fibrinogen
Benny Sørensen and David Bevan
Haemostasis Research Unit, Centre for Haemostasis and Thrombosis, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS
Foundation & King’s College London School of Medicine, London, UK
Key words: Cryoprecipitate, fibrinogen concentrate, congenital fibrinogen deficiency,
acquired fibrinogen deficiency, perioperative bleeding
Word count: 4441 (excluding abstract, references, tables and figures)
Running short title: Cryoprecipitate versus Fibrinogen concentrate
Conflict of interest statements: Dr Benny Sørensen has participated in advisory
boards and/or received speaker honorariums from Novo Nordisk, Baxter, CSL
Behring, Bayer, Pentapharm, Biovitrum. Dr David Bevan has performed a CME
accredited talk on cryoprecipitate with unrestricted sponsorship provided by CSL
Behring. The Haemostasis Research Unit receives unrestricted research support from
Novo Nordisk, Grifols, CSL Behring, LFB, Baxter, Bayer, Octapharma.
Correspondence:
Benny Sørensen, E-mail: benny.sorensen@kcl.ac.uk
Page 1 of 25 British Journal of Haematology
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
For Peer Review
Sørensen & Bevan Cryoprecipitate versus Fibrinogen concentrate
Page 2
Summary
Maintaining the plasma fibrinogen concentration is important to limit excessive
perioperative blood loss. In this review, we consider the evidence for this statement,
and question the justification for using cryoprecipitate rather than virus-inactivated
fibrinogen concentrate to support plasma fibrinogen levels. Haemophilia was
historically treated with cryoprecipitate, but specific coagulation factor concentrates
are now preferred. In contrast, primary fractions of allogeneic donor blood, including
cryoprecipitate, are still commonly used to treat perioperative bleeding.
When compared with cryoprecipitate and fresh-frozen plasma (FFP), freeze-dried
fibrinogen concentrate offers standardised fibrinogen content, faster reconstitution
and improved efficacy. Pasteurisation and purification processes employed in the
preparation of fibrinogen concentrate reduce the risk of pathogen transmission and
immune-mediated complications, in comparison with cryoprecipitate and FFP. When
all costs associated with administration are taken into consideration, the cost of
fibrinogen concentrate is not substantially different to that of cryoprecipitate.
In conclusion, wider availability and use of fibrinogen concentrate may improve the
management of perioperative bleeding. Further benefits may accrue from more rapid
and accurate techniques for monitoring fibrinogen levels. Clinical studies are needed
to evaluate methods of measuring fibrinogen and assessing fibrin polymerisation,
and to define critical haemostatic plasma fibrinogen concentrations in different
perioperative situations.
Word count: 197
Page 2 of 25British Journal of Haematology
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
For Peer Review
Sørensen & Bevan Cryoprecipitate versus Fibrinogen concentrate
Page 3
Introduction
In patients without pre-existing haemostatic disorders, coagulation defects that occur
during surgery and/or massive haemorrhage are caused by loss, consumption and
dilution of coagulation factors, collectively referred to as ‘dilutional coagulopathy’.
Some types of surgery disturb haemostasis in other ways: during cardiopulmonary
bypass (CPB), interactions with the extracorporeal circuit activates the coagulation
and fibrinolytic systems, resulting in platelet dysfunction, which is exacerbated by
parallel induction of an inflammatory enzymatic cascade (Dietrich 2000). In liver
surgery, portal hypertension results in splenic platelet sequestration and
thrombocytopenia (Gorlinger 2006).
Current responses to severe perioperative bleeding include transfusion of allogeneic
blood products such as red blood cell concentrates, fresh frozen plasma (FFP),
platelets, and, in a few countries, cryoprecipitate. Transfusion of fibrinogen
concentrate is not yet a standard component of such protocols in either the UK or the
USA. In the past 5 years, several studies, which are reviewed below, have revealed
the importance of supplementing fibrinogen levels in correcting coagulopathy
associated with surgery. Fibrinogen plays an important role in the coagulation
process and clot stabilisation via its cleavage by thrombin to form fibrin polymers
capable of binding factor XIII (Velik-Salchner, et al 2007), with consequent cross-
linkage to form a robust fibrin network. In addition, it induces platelet activation and
aggregation by binding to the platelet fibrinogen receptor, the α
2
β
3
integrin
GPIIb/IIIa.
Cryoprecipitate is a good source of fibrinogen prepared by controlled thawing of
frozen plasma to precipitate high molecular weight proteins. These include factor
VIII, von Willebrand factor (vWF), and fibrinogen. The precipitated proteins are
separated by centrifugation, resuspended in a small volume of plasma (typically 10–
20 mL) and stored frozen at -20°C (Poon 1993). In those countries that still use
cryoprecipitate, the current rationale is solely to provide fibrinogen. Although
cryoprecipitate is prepared as single units, these are pooled prior to administration –
a typical adult dose is 10 units (Stanworth 2007). Alternatively, pasteurised human
fibrinogen concentrates are available. In Europe, fibrinogen concentrate is well
established for treatment of congenital fibrinogen deficiency, and is increasingly
Page 3 of 25 British Journal of Haematology
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
