scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question
Journal ArticleDOI

A Critical Review of the Durability of Adhesion to Tooth Tissue: Methods and Results

01 Feb 2005-Journal of Dental Research (SAGE Publications)-Vol. 84, Iss: 2, pp 118-132
TL;DR: This paper critically appraises methodologies that focus on chemical degradation patterns of hydrolysis and elution of interface components, as well as mechanically oriented test set-ups, such as fatigue and fracture toughness measurements, to assess adhesion durability.
Abstract: The immediate bonding effectiveness of contemporary adhesives is quite favorable, regardless of the approach used. In the long term, the bonding effectiveness of some adhesives drops dramatically, whereas the bond strengths of other adhesives are more stable. This review examines the fundamental processes that cause the adhesion of biomaterials to enamel and dentin to degrade with time. Non-carious class V clinical trials remain the ultimate test method for the assessment of bonding effectiveness, but in addition to being high-cost, they are time- and labor-consuming, and they provide little information on the true cause of clinical failure. Therefore, several laboratory protocols were developed to predict bond durability. This paper critically appraises methodologies that focus on chemical degradation patterns of hydrolysis and elution of interface components, as well as mechanically oriented test set-ups, such as fatigue and fracture toughness measurements. A correlation of in vitro and in vivo data revealed that, currently, the most validated method to assess adhesion durability involves aging of micro-specimens of biomaterials bonded to either enamel or dentin. After about 3 months, all classes of adhesives exhibited mechanical and morphological evidence of degradation that resembles in vivo aging effects. A comparison of contemporary adhesives revealed that the three-step etch-and-rinse adhesives remain the 'gold standard' in terms of durability. Any kind of simplification in the clinical application procedure results in loss of bonding effectiveness. Only the two-step self-etch adhesives approach the gold standard and do have some additional clinical benefits.
Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The aim of this article is to systematically review the ingredients commonly used in current dental adhesives as well as the properties of these ingredients.

1,218 citations


Cites background from "A Critical Review of the Durability..."

  • ...sorption [37], more nanoleakage [38], degradation of the tooth-composite bond [39] and more leaching of residual uncured monomers and thus lower biocompatibility of dental adhesives....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This study critically discusses the latest peer-reviewed reports related to formation, aging and stability of resin bonding, focusing on the micro and nano-phenomena related to adhesive interface degradation.

1,086 citations


Cites background from "A Critical Review of the Durability..."

  • ...This additional interaction acting synergistically with superior infiltration of adhesive monomers into the decalcified substrate is claimed to enhance bond stability over time [7]....

    [...]

  • ...In fact, recent studies highlighted hat immediate dentin bond strength values do not always orrelate with long term bond stability [7] since degradation hroughout the dentin bonded interface occurs rapidly (i....

    [...]

  • ...[7] De Munck J, Van Landuyt K, Peumans M, Poitevin A, Lambrechts P, Braem M, et al....

    [...]

  • ...s bond strength and durability [7] seems to rely on the qualty of the hybrid layer (i....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The therapeutic potential of etch-and-rinse adhesives has yet to be fully exploited, and incorporation of protease inhibitors in etchants and/or cross-linking agents in primers may increase the durability of resin-dentin bonds.

807 citations


Cites background from "A Critical Review of the Durability..."

  • ...[64] DeMunck J, Peumans M, Poitevin A, Lambrechts P, Braem M, Van Meerbeek B....

    [...]

  • ...Etch-and-rinse adhesives that utilize 3-steps are more durable than 2-step etch-and-rinse adhesives [64]....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An extensive literature review with regard to the different laboratory bond-strength test methods and their data provided, along with a second extensive Literature review on clinical effectiveness data of adhesives in terms of retention rates of adhesive Class-V restorations are reported on.

656 citations


Cites background from "A Critical Review of the Durability..."

  • ...Water storage and thermo-cycling are the most popular artificial aging methods, but also other methodologies as mechanical loading and degradation by enzymes and various chemical substances have been employed in literature [3]....

    [...]

  • ...It is rather exposed o cyclic sub-critical loadings produced during chewing [3]....

    [...]

  • ...[3] De Munck J, Van Landuyt K, Peumans M, Poitevin A, Lambrechts P, Braem M, et al....

    [...]

  • ...Despite the enormous advances made in adhesive echnology during the last 50 years, the bonded interface itself emains the Achilles heel of an adhesive filling [3,4]....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Self-destruction of collagen matrices occurs rapidly in resin-infiltrated dentin in vivo and may be arrested with the use of chlorhexidine as an MMP inhibitor.
Abstract: The recent paradigm that endogenous collagenolytic and gelatinolytic activities derived from acid-etched dentin result in degradation of hybrid layers requires in vivo validation. This study tested the null hypothesis that there is no difference between the degradation of dentin bonded with an etch-and-rinse adhesive and that in conjunction with chlorhexidine, an MMP inhibitor, applied after phosphoric-acid-etching. Contralateral pairs of bonded Class I restorations in primary molars of clinical subjects were retrieved after a six-month period of intra-oral functioning and processed for transmission electron microscopy. Hybrid layers from the chlorhexidine-treated teeth exhibited normal structural integrity of the collagen network. Conversely, abnormal hybrid layers were seen in the control teeth, with progressive disintegration of the fibrillar network, to the extent that it was beyond detection by collagen staining. Self-destruction of collagen matrices occurs rapidly in resin-infiltrated dentin in vivo and may be arrested with the use of chlorhexidine as an MMP inhibitor.

556 citations


Cites background from "A Critical Review of the Durability..."

  • ...Considerable evidence has accumulated over the past decade, based onboth in vitro and in vivo work, that bonds created in dentin by resinbased adhesives may not be as durable as was previously conjectured (De Munck et al., 2005; Frankenberger et al., 2005)....

    [...]

References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In the authors' attempts to obtain bonding between filling materials and tooth structure, several possibilities are being explored, including the development of new resin materials which have adhesive properties and the use of coatings as adhesive interface materials between filling and tooth.
Abstract: ONE of the major shortcomings of the acrylics and other filling materials is their lack of adhesion to tooth structure.'-4 A filling material capable of forming strong bonds to tooth structures would offer many advantages over present ones. With such a material, there would be no need for retention and resistance form in cavity preparation, and effective sealing of pits, fissures, and beginning various lesions could be realized. In our attempts to obtain bonding between filling materials and tooth structure, several possibilities are being explored. These include (1) the development of new resin materials which have adhesive properties; (2) modification of present materials to make them adhesive; (3) the use of coatings as adhesive interface materials between filling and tooth; and (4) the -alteration of the tooth surface by chemical treatment to produce a new surface to which present materials might adhere. This last approach is the subject of this paper, but since it concerns itself only with treatment of intact enamel surfaces, it has only limited application to the broader problems of restorative dentistry. In industry, phosphoric acid and preparations containing it have been used to treat metal surfaces to obtain better adhesion of paint and resin coatings.5 Although the increased adhesion is believed to be due primarily to the removal of surface and other contaminants, the conversion of the oxides or the surface of the metal itself to phosphates or the adsorption of phosphate groups on the metal surface may contribute to the effect. Since the enamel surface has probably reacted with various ions, saliva, and so on, to which it has been exposed for long periods of time, and its tiny imperfections filled in by a variety of adventitious materials, the composition of the superficial surface may be quite different than the underlying enamel.6 As a result, any receptivity to adhesion which the original tooth structure may have had for acrylic materials may have been lost. It was felt that perhaps an acid treatment of the enamel surface might render it more receptive to adhesion in the same manner as it does for metals.

2,430 citations


"A Critical Review of the Durability..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...As has been shown by Buonocore (1955), bonding to enamel requires only an acid-etch step followed by the application of a fluid resin, without the need for an intermediary primer step....

    [...]

Journal Article
TL;DR: The basic bonding mechanism to enamel and dentin of these three approaches is demonstrated by means of ultramorphological and chemical characterization of tooth-biomaterial interfacial interactions and confirms that conventional three-step etch&rinse adhesives still perform most favorably and are most reliable in the long-term.
Abstract: Bonding to tooth tissue can be achieved through an "etch&rinse," "self-etch" or "glass-ionomer" approach. In this paper, the basic bonding mechanism to enamel and dentin of these three approaches is demonstrated by means of ultramorphological and chemical characterization of tooth-biomaterial interfacial interactions. Furthermore, bond-strength testing and measurement of marginal-sealing effectiveness (the two most commonly employed methodologies to determine "bonding effectiveness" in the laboratory) are evaluated upon their value and relevance in predicting clinical performance. A new dynamic methodology to test biomaterial-tooth bonds in a fatigue mode is introduced with a recently developed micro-rotary fatigue-testing device. Eventually, today's adhesives will be critically weighted upon their performance in diverse laboratory studies and clinical trials. Special attention has been given to the benefits/drawbacks of an etch&rinse versus a self-etch approach and the long-term performance of these adhesives. Correlating data gathered in the laboratory with clinical results clearly showed that laboratory research CAN predict clinical effectiveness. Although there is a tendency to simplify bonding procedures, the data presented confirm that conventional three-step etch&rinse adhesives still perform most favorably and are most reliable in the long-term. Nevertheless, a self-etch approach may have the best future perspective. Clinically, when adhesives no longer require an "etch&rinse" step, the application time, and probably more importantly, the technique-sensitivity are substantially reduced. Especially "mild," two-step self-etch adhesives that bond through a combined micromechanical and chemical interaction with tooth tissue closely approach conventional three-step systems in bonding performance.

1,721 citations


"A Critical Review of the Durability..." refers background in this paper

  • ...1; Van Meerbeek et al., 2001, 2003)....

    [...]

  • ...Despite these in vitro differences, both the two- and the three-step versions seem to function rather well in vivo (Boghosian, 1996; Swift et al., 2001a,b; Van Meerbeek et al., 2001, 2003, 2005a,b)....

    [...]

  • ...Although excellent in vitro bonding effectiveness can be obtained with acetone-based adhesives, the high technique-sensitivity of these types of adhesives may explain the less-than-optimal long-term results (Tay et al., 1996a; Van Meerbeek et al., 2001, 2003)....

    [...]

  • ...At Leuven, the TBS of a large group of commercial and experimental adhesives to bur-cut enamel and dentin has been determined (Inoue et al., 2001b, 2003; De Munck et al., 2003a,b; Van Meerbeek et al., 2003), always following the same experimental protocol (Fig....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Scanning electron microscopic studies suggested that the monomers possess affinity with the hard tissue as indicated by the good adhesion provided by the interlocking at the tubules.
Abstract: The effectiveness of 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-META) on the adhesion of an acrylic rod with etched dentine and enamel was studied. Etching of tooth substrates with a 10% citric acid-3% ferric chloride solution prior to the adhesion proved effective. Monomers with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups like 4-META promoted the infiltration of monomers into the hard tissue. The infiltrated monomers polymerized in situ and good adhesion with the tooth substrates took place. The tensile adhesive strength was 18 MPa on the etched dentine. Scanning electron microscopic studies suggested that the monomers possess affinity with the hard tissue. The good adhesion was not provided by the interlocking at the tubules as had been considered previously.

1,404 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It was shown that in most of the clinically relevant cavity configurations, the stress-relieving flow is not sufficient to preserve adhesion to dentin by dentin-bonding agents.
Abstract: The setting stress in composite resins was studied as a function of restoration shape. The shape is described by the configuration factor, C, the ratio of the restoration's bonded to unbonded (free) surfaces. In an experimental set-up, the shape of the restoration was simulated by cylindrical forms of various dimensions. The shrinkage stress was measured continuously. It was shown that in most of the clinically relevant cavity configurations, the stress-relieving flow is not sufficient to preserve adhesion to dentin by dentin-bonding agents.

1,095 citations


"A Critical Review of the Durability..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Consequently, less-objective evaluation criteria, such as marginal integrity and discoloration, need to be quantified as a measure of bonding effectiveness; (4) class V restoration margins are located in enamel as well as in dentin; (5) lesions are commonly located on vestibular surfaces of anterior teeth and premolars, thus providing good access for the restorative procedure as well as for evaluation (visually, with the use of an explorer and magnifying glasses, and even by SEM, if epoxy replicas are made); (6) preparation and restoration of class V lesions are minimal and relatively easy, thereby somewhat reducing practitioner variability; (7) lesions are relatively widespread and occur on multiple teeth, facilitating patient selection and enabling balanced study designs to be developed; and (8) despite various cavity configuration factors of class V lesions (Feilzer et al., 1987; Carvalho et al., 1996), and thus resultant interfacial stress, the mechanical properties of the composite used are relatively unimportant (Browning et al....

    [...]

  • ...…patient selection and enabling balanced study designs to be developed; and (8) despite various cavity configuration factors of class V lesions (Feilzer et al., 1987; Carvalho et al., 1996), and thus resultant interfacial stress, the mechanical properties of the composite used are relatively…...

    [...]

  • ...In vivo stress will occur if the ratio of bonded to unbonded surfaces (the so-called 'C-factor') is high (Feilzer et al., 1987)....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A clinically relevant thermal cycling regimen was derived from the in vivo information, and is suggested as a benchmark standard, and a provisional estimate of approximately 10,000 cycles per year is suggested.

1,050 citations


"A Critical Review of the Durability..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Compared with bond-strength tests, the effect of artificial aging methods such as water storage and thermocycling on microleakage is minimal (Wendt et al., 1992; Chan and Jones, 1994; Gwinnett and Yu, 1994; Gale and Darvell, 1999; Wahab et al., 2003)....

    [...]

  • ...These stresses may lead to cracks that propagate along bonded interfaces, and, once a gap is created, changing gap dimensions can cause in- and outflow of oral fluids, a process known as 'percolation' (Gale and Darvell, 1999)....

    [...]

  • ...This number of cycles was probably too low for an aging effect to be obtained (Miyazaki et al., 1998; Gale and Darvell, 1999; Nikaido et al., 2002a)....

    [...]

  • ...In addition to occlusal stresses, intra-oral temperature changes may also induce repetitive contraction/expansion stresses at the tooth-adhesive interface, due to the higher thermal contraction/expansion coefficient of the restorative material (as compared with that of tooth tissue) (Gale and Darvell, 1999)....

    [...]

  • ...…to occlusal stresses, intra-oral temperature changes may also induce repetitive contraction/expansion stresses at the tooth-adhesive interface, due to the higher thermal contraction/expansion coefficient of the restorative material (as compared with that of tooth tissue) (Gale and Darvell, 1999)....

    [...]