A Critical Review on the Control Strategies Applied to PCM-Enhanced Buildings
TL;DR: An extensive review has been made with regard to various control strategies applied to PCM-enhanced buildings, such as ON/OFF control, conventional control methods (classical control, optimal, adaptive, and predictive control) and intelligent controls.
Abstract: The incorporation of phase change materials (PCM) in buildings has the potential to enhance the thermal efficiency of buildings, reduce energy cost, shift peak load, and eventually reduce air pollution and mitigate global warming However, the initial capital cost of PCM is still high, and thus the establishment of a control strategy has become essential to optimize its use in buildings in an effort to lower investment costs In this paper, an extensive review has been made with regard to various control strategies applied to PCM-enhanced buildings, such as ON/OFF control, conventional control methods (classical control, optimal, adaptive, and predictive control) and intelligent controls The advantages and disadvantages of each control strategy are evaluated The paper further discusses the opportunities and challenges associated with the design of PCM-enhanced buildings in combination with control strategies
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TL;DR: In this paper , the integration of phase change materials (PCMs) with thermal energy storage systems has been reviewed and evaluated comprehensively to provide insights into thermal conductivity enhancement techniques.
20 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , a smart model predictive control (MPC) approach was proposed to minimize the energy cost while maintaining the indoor climate by fully applying active latent heat storage (ALHS) in a single-family house with a space heating system, including an ALHS, ground source heat pump, and radiator.
16 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , a model predictive control (MPC) framework for price-based, demand-responsive control of PCM-wallboard-enhanced space heating systems to minimize electricity costs and maximize demand flexibility by fully exploiting PCM wallboards.
14 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a paraffin phase change material (PCM) was entrapped by poly(methyl methacrylate) microcapsules that were loaded into plaster panels at high concentrations; these were used to build a model house.
12 citations
TL;DR: In this article , a building element made of layers of concrete and heat-insulating material with a cavity filled with RT-25 as a PCM was considered, and the process of heat transfer in the building element under nonstationary external thermal effect was investigated.
7 citations
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01 Jan 1973
TL;DR: By relying on the use of linguistic variables and fuzzy algorithms, the approach provides an approximate and yet effective means of describing the behavior of systems which are too complex or too ill-defined to admit of precise mathematical analysis.
Abstract: The approach described in this paper represents a substantive departure from the conventional quantitative techniques of system analysis. It has three main distinguishing features: 1) use of so-called ``linguistic'' variables in place of or in addition to numerical variables; 2) characterization of simple relations between variables by fuzzy conditional statements; and 3) characterization of complex relations by fuzzy algorithms. A linguistic variable is defined as a variable whose values are sentences in a natural or artificial language. Thus, if tall, not tall, very tall, very very tall, etc. are values of height, then height is a linguistic variable. Fuzzy conditional statements are expressions of the form IF A THEN B, where A and B have fuzzy meaning, e.g., IF x is small THEN y is large, where small and large are viewed as labels of fuzzy sets. A fuzzy algorithm is an ordered sequence of instructions which may contain fuzzy assignment and conditional statements, e.g., x = very small, IF x is small THEN Y is large. The execution of such instructions is governed by the compositional rule of inference and the rule of the preponderant alternative. By relying on the use of linguistic variables and fuzzy algorithms, the approach provides an approximate and yet effective means of describing the behavior of systems which are too complex or too ill-defined to admit of precise mathematical analysis.
8,547 citations
"A Critical Review on the Control St..." refers background in this paper
...Fuzzy Logic Fuzzy logic, which was introduced by Zadeh [160], is a powerful technique to control strongly non-linear and not well-defined systems, to overcome the uncertainties of expert knowledge and experience and to integrate with the conventional control methods [161]....
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...Fuzzy logic, which was introduced by Zadeh [160], is a powerful technique to control strongly non-linear and not well-defined systems, to overcome the uncertainties of expert knowledge and experience and to integrate with the conventional control methods [161]....
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...Fuzzy Logic Fuzzy logic, which was introduced by Zadeh [160], is a powerful technique to control strongly non-linear and not well-defined systems, to overcome the uncertainties of expert knowledge and experience and to integrate with the conventional control methods [161]....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed available information concerning energy consumption in buildings, and particularly related to HVAC systems, and compared different types of building types and end uses in different countries.
5,288 citations
"A Critical Review on the Control St..." refers background in this paper
...Almost 50% of energy is consumed in buildings in the USA [5], 40% in Europe, and 36% worldwide, of which space heating and cooling account for approximately 50% [6]....
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TL;DR: The use of a latent heat storage system using phase change materials (PCMs) is an effective way of storing thermal energy and has the advantages of high energy storage density and the isothermal nature of the storage process.
Abstract: The use of a latent heat storage system using phase change materials (PCMs) is an effective way of storing thermal energy and has the advantages of high-energy storage density and the isothermal nature of the storage process. PCMs have been widely used in latent heat thermal-storage systems for heat pumps, solar engineering, and spacecraft thermal control applications. The uses of PCMs for heating and cooling applications for buildings have been investigated within the past decade. There are large numbers of PCMs that melt and solidify at a wide range of temperatures, making them attractive in a number of applications. This paper also summarizes the investigation and analysis of the available thermal energy storage systems incorporating PCMs for use in different applications.
4,482 citations
"A Critical Review on the Control St..." refers background in this paper
...Studies show that PCMs can store heat per unit volume 5–14 times more than sensible heat storage materials [15]....
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...Studies sh w that PCMs ca store heat per unit volume 5–14 times more than sensibl heat storage materi ls [15]....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors summarized previous works on latent thermal energy storage in building applications, covering PCMs, the impregnation methods, current building applications and their thermal performance analyses, as well as numerical simulation of buildings with PCMs.
1,569 citations
"A Critical Review on the Control St..." refers background in this paper
...Therefore, for building applications, the melting temperature of PCM should lie between 18 ◦C and 27 ◦C [29]....
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TL;DR: The feasibility and great potential of FCS-MPC due to present-day signal-processing capabilities, particularly for power systems with a reduced number of switching states and more complex operating principles, such as matrix converters are found.
Abstract: This paper presents a detailed description of finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) applied to power converters Several key aspects related to this methodology are, in depth, presented and compared with traditional power converter control techniques, such as linear controllers with pulsewidth-modulation-based methods The basic concepts, operating principles, control diagrams, and results are used to provide a comparison between the different control strategies The analysis is performed on a traditional three-phase voltage source inverter, used as a simple and comprehensive reference frame However, additional topologies and power systems are addressed to highlight differences, potentialities, and challenges of FCS-MPC Among the conclusions are the feasibility and great potential of FCS-MPC due to present-day signal-processing capabilities, particularly for power systems with a reduced number of switching states and more complex operating principles, such as matrix converters In addition, the possibility to address different or additional control objectives easily in a single cost function enables a simple, flexible, and improved performance controller for power-conversion systems
1,554 citations
"A Critical Review on the Control St..." refers background in this paper
...Then, the sequence control responses are applied to the plant [140]....
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