A Critique of Hofstede's Fifth National Culture Dimension
Citations
548 citations
460 citations
Cites background from "A Critique of Hofstede's Fifth Nati..."
...This refutes a criticism by Fang ( 2003 ), who as an insider of Chinese culture argued that combining these values into a dimension does not make Chinese sense....
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...This refutes a criticism by Fang (2003), who as an insider of Chinese culture argued that combining these values into a dimension does not make Chinese sense....
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378 citations
Cites background or methods from "A Critique of Hofstede's Fifth Nati..."
...Nevertheless, Hofstede’s cultural paradigm has received important critiques from methodological (McSweeney, 2002), management (Holden, 2002), and © 2011 The International Association for Chinese Management Research philosophical (Fang, 2003, 2005–2006, 2010) perspectives....
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...Building on my earlier critiques of Hofstede’s work (Fang, 2003, 2005–2006, 2010), I would like to point out that a counterbalance of the Western bias in cross-cultural research calls for knowledge of the duality thinking embedded in the Chinese philosophy of Yin Yang....
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...We are both Yin and Yang, feminine and masculine, long-term and short-term, individualistic and collectivistic, . . . depending on situations, context and time’ (Fang, 2003: 363)....
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...From the Yin Yang point of view, contradictions or paradoxes are not viewed as problems but as a world view, a methodology, and a natural way of life (Chen, 2002; Chen, M.-J., 2008; Fang, 2003; Fletcher & Fang, 2006; Li, 1998, 2008, 2011a,b)....
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...With a few exceptions (e.g., Fang, 2003, 2005–2006, 2010; Faure & Fang, 2008), Yin Yang as a fundamental philosophical principle to understand the dynamics of culture through embracing paradoxes has rarely been examined in the crosscultural management literature....
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305 citations
298 citations
Cites background from "A Critique of Hofstede's Fifth Nati..."
...Despite the evidence that LTO is a valid and meaningful dimension of national culture, two widely read publications have expressed criticisms of it: Fang (2003) and Ashkanasy, Gupta, Mayfield, and Trevor-Roberts (2004)....
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References
16,894 citations
12,151 citations
"A Critique of Hofstede's Fifth Nati..." refers background in this paper
...…citations and discussions (Smith, 1996; Søndergaard, 1994; Triandis, 1982); they have also attracted criticism (Lowe, 2001; McSweeney, 2002a, b; Roberts and Boyacigiller, 1984; Tayeb, 1988, 1994, 2000, 2001; Yeh and Lawrence, 1995) and in some cases further refinements (Schwartz, 1992)....
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6,062 citations
"A Critique of Hofstede's Fifth Nati..." refers background or methods in this paper
...…to refer to the fifth dimension as he did earlier (Hofstede, 1991) but rather terms it solely ‘long-term orientation’ (see the section ‘Long-term orientation as a fifth dimension’, Hofstede, 2001: 353–5, as opposed to the section ‘Confucian dynamism as a fifth dimension’, Hofstede, 1991: 164–6)....
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...During the process of preparing this article, Hofstede (2001) published the new edition of Culture’s Consequences....
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...However, a close scrutiny of the contents and structure of Hofstede (2001) compared to Hofstede (1991) reveals that Hofstede has indeed made several adjustments....
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...…‘key implications’ and ‘essence’ concerning long-term vs. shortterm orientation when it comes to differences in family, social relations and work, in ways of thinking, and in societal norms between short- and long-term-orientation societies (see Exhibit 7.6 and Exhibit 7.7, Hofstede, 2001: 366–7)....
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...In Søndergaard’s (2001) recent review of Hofstede (2001), Hofstede’s dimensional model of cultural variation is not discussed at all....
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4,240 citations
"A Critique of Hofstede's Fifth Nati..." refers background in this paper
...(Hofstede and Bond, 1988: 16, emphasis added) [N]early all values, on both poles, seem to be taken straight from the teachings of Confucius . . . the values on the one pole are more oriented towards the future (especially perseverance and thrift); they are more dynamic....
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...We also doubt the viability of Hofstede’s hypothesis of the ‘Confucian connection’ that explains the Chinese/East Asian economic performance by referring to Confucian dynamism (longterm orientation) (Bond and Hofstede, 1989; Hofstede, 1991; Hofstede and Bond, 1988)....
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...…an Oriental contribution to his dimensional theory of culture that is not registered in the western mind (see, e.g. Hofstede, 1991, 1993; Franke et al., 1991) and writes (in Hofstede and Bond, 1988: 17–18): If this dimension is somewhat puzzling to the Western readers, they should not be surprised....
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3,294 citations