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Journal ArticleDOI

A decimal code for the growth stages of cereals

01 Dec 1974-Weed Research (Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111))-Vol. 14, Iss: 6, pp 415-421
TL;DR: The decimal code scale for indicating the growth stages of cereals as developed by the authors and published by Eucarpia is explained and described.
Abstract: The decimal code scale for indicating the growth stages of cereals as developed by the authors and published by Eucarpia is explained and described
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Rudi Appels1, Rudi Appels2, Kellye Eversole, Nils Stein3  +204 moreInstitutions (45)
17 Aug 2018-Science
TL;DR: This annotated reference sequence of wheat is a resource that can now drive disruptive innovation in wheat improvement, as this community resource establishes the foundation for accelerating wheat research and application through improved understanding of wheat biology and genomics-assisted breeding.
Abstract: An annotated reference sequence representing the hexaploid bread wheat genome in 21 pseudomolecules has been analyzed to identify the distribution and genomic context of coding and noncoding elements across the A, B, and D subgenomes. With an estimated coverage of 94% of the genome and containing 107,891 high-confidence gene models, this assembly enabled the discovery of tissue- and developmental stage-related coexpression networks by providing a transcriptome atlas representing major stages of wheat development. Dynamics of complex gene families involved in environmental adaptation and end-use quality were revealed at subgenome resolution and contextualized to known agronomic single-gene or quantitative trait loci. This community resource establishes the foundation for accelerating wheat research and application through improved understanding of wheat biology and genomics-assisted breeding.

2,118 citations


Cites background from "A decimal code for the growth stage..."

  • ...Supplementary Materials: Materials and Methods Figures S1-S59 Tables S1-S43 External Databases S1-S6 15 References (54-184)...

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  • ...S1 to S59 Tables S1 to S43 References (56–186) Databases S1 to S5 13 December 2017; accepted 11 July 2018 10.1126/science.aar7191 International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium (IWGSC), Science 361, eaar7191 (2018) 17 August 2018 13 of 13...

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A universal scale using a decimal code for the description of the growth stages of most agricultural crops and weeds is proposed, based on the well-known Zadoks code for cereals.
Abstract: Summary A universal scale (to be known as the BBCH scale) using a decimal code for the description of the growth stages of most agricultural crops and weeds is proposed. The scale and codes are based on the well-known Zadoks code for cereals. Developmentally similar growth stages of different crops are given the same codes. The general scale provides a framework within which more specific scales for individual crops may be constructed. The uniformity of the scale makes it easy to remember and use in agricultural practice and simplifies storage and retrieval in a computer system. A description of the general scale is given followed by specific scales for cereals, rice, maize, oilseed rape, field beans, peas and sunflower. Comparisons with scales currently in use are given where appropriate.

1,569 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The potential of Piriformospora indica to induce resistance to fungal diseases and tolerance to salt stress in the monocotyledonous plant barley is reported on.
Abstract: Disease resistance strategies are powerful approaches to sustainable agriculture because they reduce chemical input into the environment. Recently, Piriformospora indica, a plant-root-colonizing basidiomycete fungus, has been discovered in the Indian Thar desert and was shown to provide strong growth-promoting activity during its symbiosis with a broad spectrum of plants [Verma, S. et al. (1998) Mycologia 90, 896-903]. Here, we report on the potential of P. indica to induce resistance to fungal diseases and tolerance to salt stress in the monocotyledonous plant barley. The beneficial effect on the defense status is detected in distal leaves, demonstrating a systemic induction of resistance by a root-endophytic fungus. The systemically altered “defense readiness” is associated with an elevated antioxidative capacity due to an activation of the glutathione-ascorbate cycle and results in an overall increase in grain yield. Because P. indica can be easily propagated in the absence of a host plant, we conclude that the fungus could be exploited to increase disease resistance and yield in crop plants.

1,197 citations

Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss N dynamics in soil plant systems, and outline management options for enhancing N use by annual crops, including livestock production with cropping, to improve N efficiency in agriculture.
Abstract: Nitrogen is the most limiting nutrient for crop production in many of the world's agricultural areas and its efficient use is important for the economic sustainability of cropping systems Furthermore, the dynamic nature of N and its propensity for loss from soil‐plant systems creates a unique and challenging environment for its efficient management Crop response to applied N and use efficiency are important criteria for evaluating crop N requirements for maximum economic yield Recovery of N in crop plants is usually less than 50% worldwide Low recovery of N in annual crop is associated with its loss by volatilization, leaching, surface runoff, denitrification, and plant canopy Low recovery of N is not only responsible for higher cost of crop production, but also for environmental pollution Hence, improving N use efficiency (NUE) is desirable to improve crop yields, reducing cost of production, and maintaining environmental quality To improve N efficiency in agriculture, integrated N management strategies that take into consideration improved fertilizer along with soil and crop management practices are necessary Including livestock production with cropping offers one of the best opportunities to improve NUE Synchrony of N supply with crop demand is essential in order to ensure adequate quantity of uptake and utilization and optimum yield This paper discusses N dynamics in soil‐plant systems, and outlines management options for enhancing N use by annual crops

1,083 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work proposes a rice developmental staging system divided into three main phases of development: seedling, vegetative, and reproductive, and assigns rice growth stages based on discrete morphological criteria to result in unambiguous growth-stage determination.
Abstract: The large area of rice (Oryza sativa L) production worldwide is critical to the well being of large numbers of the world's people Yet for rice, the most important single plant species for human nutrition, there is not a widely used growth staging system Despite good points of the published rice growth staging systems, none has been used widely for describing rice growth and development Consequently, an objective growth staging system with enumeration adapted to cumulative leaf number (CLN) would improve communication among scientists, farmers, and educators We propose a rice developmental staging system divided into three main phases of development: seedling, vegetative, and reproductive Seedling development consists of four growth stages: unimbibed seed (S0), radicle and coleoptile emergence from the seed (S1,S2), and prophyll emergence from the coleoptile (S3) Vegetative development consists of stages V1, V2 VN; N being equal to the final number of leaves with collars on the main stem Reproductive development consists of 10 growth stages based on discrete morphological criteria: panicle initiation (R0), panicle differentiation (R1), flag leaf collar formation (R2), panicle exertion (R3), anthesis (R4), grain length and width expansion (R5), grain depth expansion (R6), grain dry down (R7), single grain maturity (R8), and complete panicle maturity (R9) Assigning rice growth stages based on discrete morphological criteria will result in unambiguous growth-stage determination For example, using this system, two people staging the same plant will arrive at the same growth stage This is because the system exploits the presence or absence of distinct morphological criteria in a symbolic logic dichotomous framework that only permits yes or no answers

725 citations


Cites background from "A decimal code for the growth stage..."

  • ...We found four published systems for describing rice development: Zadoks et al. (1974), IRRI recognized the modular nature of vegetative development for wheat and allowed his enumeration to be set by the plant, that is by the CLN (x in Haun’s system), Paul A. Counce, University of Arkansas, Rice…...

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References
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Book
01 Jan 1971
TL;DR: In the same year, the director general of FAOFAO convened a Symposium on crop losses to emphasize the need for the development and use of experimental methods to estimate crop losses quantitatively as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: In October 1967 the director general of FAO convened a symposium on crop losses to emphasize the need for the development and use of experimental methods to estimate crop losses quantitatively. This symposium, held in Rome, was attended by government representatives and individuals from 36 countries. At the closing session one of the recommendations to FAO was to prepare a manual of methods for estimating crop losses.

66 citations

01 Jan 1957
TL;DR: This follow-up report summarises pathotype (pt.) assay results from the samples that have been processed to date, and of note is the recovery of wheat leaf rust pt.1, considered to be of exotic origin.
Abstract: In our last report, we provided information on current distributions of wheat leaf rust, oat stem rust and oat crown rust. This follow-up report summarises pathotype (pt.) assay results from the samples that have been processed to date. Of note is the recovery of wheat leaf rust pt. This pathotype was first detected last year, in SA, and is considered to be of exotic origin. With rusts now being reported from around the country, we encourage you all to collect and send samples to us for pathotype analyses. The practice of artificially inoculating nurseries with rust now appears to be commonplace in many regions; if samples are forwarded from these nurseries, we request that they be identified as such. As reported earlier, the first samples of wheat stripe rust were received on the 7 th August from Goondiwindi and Westmar in Queensland. The disease was subsequently reported on 11 th August from Wagga Wagga. Pathotype tests are underway on these samples. Ten samples of leaf rust on wheat have been received to date, of which 7 have been processed. Wyalkatchem are all expected to be more susceptible to this pathotype than to those that prevailed prior to its detection in 2013. Growers of these varieties in particular are encouraged to monitor crops closely for leaf rust. Two samples from Queensland, Warwick (21 st May) and Cleveland (21 st May) comprised three pathotypes detected for the first time in August last year (Bool Lagoon SA), and is considered to be of exotic origin. Many wheat varieties have been given provisional ratings of higher susceptibility in 2015 variety guides pending further data on their responses to the

19 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Mar 1971
TL;DR: Handbuch des speziellen Pflanzenbaues as discussed by the authors, handbook of speziellaen pflanzens baues, handbuch of Pflanzbauers.
Abstract: Handbuch des speziellen Pflanzenbaues , Handbuch des speziellen Pflanzenbaues , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی

15 citations