A General Correlation for Saturated Two-Phase Flow Boiling Heat Transfer Inside Horizontal and Vertical Tubes

doi:10.1115/1.2910348

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A General Correlation for Saturated Two-Phase Flow Boiling Heat Transfer Inside Horizontal and Vertical Tubes

Journal Article•DOI•

A General Correlation for Saturated Two-Phase Flow Boiling Heat Transfer Inside Horizontal and Vertical Tubes

01 Feb 1990-Journal of Heat Transfer-transactions of The Asme (American Society of Mechanical Engineers)-Vol. 112, Iss: 1, pp 219-228

TL;DR: In this article, a simple correlation was developed earlier by Kandlikar (1983) for predicting saturated flow boiling heat transfer coefficients inside horizontal and vertical tubes, which was further refined by expanding the data base to 5,246 data points from 24 experimental investigations with ten fluids.

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Abstract: A simple correlation was developed earlier by Kandlikar (1983) for predicting saturated flow boiling heat transfer coefficients inside horizontal and vertical tubes. It was based on a model utilizing the contributions due to nucleate boiling and convective mechanisms. It incorporated a fluid-dependent parameter F{sub fl} in the nucleate boiling term. The predictive ability of the correlation for different refrigerants was confirmed by comparing it with the recent data on R-113 by Jensen and Bensler (1986) and Khanpara et al. (1986). In the present work, the earlier correlation is further refined by expanding the data base to 5,246 data points from 24 experimental investigations with ten fluids. The proposed correlation gives a mean deviation of 15.9 percent with water data, and 18.8 percent with all refrigerant data, and it also predicts the correct h{sub TP} versus x trend as verified with water and R-113 data yielded the lowest mean deviations among correlations tested. The proposed correlation can be extended to other fluids by evaluating the fluid-dependent parameter F{sub fl} for that fluid from its flow boiling or pool boiling data.

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Journal Article•DOI•

Fundamental issues related to flow boiling in minichannels and microchannels

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Satish G. Kandlikar¹•Institutions (1)

Rochester Institute of Technology¹

01 Jun 2002-Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science

TL;DR: In this article, the effects of the channel size on the flow patterns and heat transfer and pressure drop performance are reviewed in small hydraulic diameter channels, and the fundamental questions related to the presence of nucleate boiling and characteristics of flow boiling in microchannels and minichannels in comparison to that in the conventional channel sizes (3 mm and above) are addressed.

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840 citations

Fundamental issues related to flow boiling in minichannels and microchannels

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Satish G. Kandlikar¹•Institutions (1)

Rochester Institute of Technology¹

01 Jan 2002

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Abstract: Flow boiling in small hydraulic diameter channels is becoming increasingly important in many diverse applications. The previous studies addressing the effects of the channel size on the flow patterns, and heat transfer and pressure drop performance are reviewed in the present paper. The fundamental questions related to the presence of nucleate boiling and characteristics of flow boiling in microchannels and minichannels in comparison to that in the conventional channel sizes (3 mm and above) are addressed. Also, the effect of heat exchanger configuration—single-channel and multichannel—on the heat transfer and pressure drop performance is reviewed. The areas for future research are identified.

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818 citations

Cites background or methods or result from "A General Correlation for Saturated..."

...They found that their flow boiling data was correlated well with the Kandlikar [24] correlation (with a mean deviation of 16 percent)....
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...They also compared their data with the available correlations and found that the correlations by Liu and Winterton [47], Shah [60], and Kandlikar [24] predicted their results with a mean deviation of less than 20 percent....
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...75 Measured over 260 mm long section Not reported Pressure drop correlated using Martinelli–Nelson parameter, Heat transfer predicted will by Kandlikar [24] correlation for film Re > 200, new correlation developed using film flow model for film Re < 200....
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...They noted that their saturated flow boiling data was accurately predicted using the large tube correlation by Kandlikar [24]....
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...59 mm diameter tube with the Kandlikar [24] correlation....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Evolution of Microchannel Flow Passages-Thermohydraulic Performance and Fabrication Technology

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Satish G. Kandlikar¹, William J. Grande¹•Institutions (1)

Rochester Institute of Technology¹

01 Jan 2003-Heat Transfer Engineering

TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide a roadmap of development in the thermal and fabrication aspects of microchannels as applied in microelectronics and other high heat-flux cooling applications.

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Abstract: This paper provides a roadmap of development in the thermal and fabrication aspects of microchannels as applied in microelectronics and other high heat-flux cooling applications. Microchannels are defined as flow passages that have hydraulic diameters in the range of 10 to 200 micrometers. The impetus for microchannel research was provided by the pioneering work of Tuckerman and Pease [1] at Stanford University in the early eighties. Since that time, this technology has received considerable attention in microelectronics and other major application areas, such as fuel cell systems and advanced heat sink designs. After reviewing the advancement in heat transfer technology from a historical perspective, the advantages of using microchannels in high heat flux cooling applications is discussed, and research done on various aspects of microchannel heat exchanger performance is reviewed. Single-phase performance for liquids is still expected to be describable by conventional equations; however, the gas flow may...

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672 citations

Cites methods from "A General Correlation for Saturated..."

...The classification provided by Kandlikar [5, 6], further refined below, is based on the flow considerations....
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...An experimental study conducted by Kandlikar et al. [10] with water flowing in 200µm-square channels yielded excellent agreement with the conventional theory for friction factor....
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...Address correspondence to Satish G. Kandlikar, Mechanical Engineering Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14618, USA....
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...The heat transfer coefficient during flow boiling in microchannels can be predicted with the existing correlations, such as the Kandlikar [17] correlation, for large diameter tubes....
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...An exhaustive review of the fundamental issues related to flow patterns in microchannels and minichannels was conducted by Kandlikar [5, 6]....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Boiling heat transfer

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V. K. Dhir

01 Jan 1998-Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics

TL;DR: In this paper, a review examines recent advances made in predicting boiling heat fluxes, including some key results from the past, including nucleate boiling, maximum heat flux, transition boiling, and film boiling.

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Abstract: ▪ Abstract This review examines recent advances made in predicting boiling heat fluxes, including some key results from the past. The topics covered are nucleate boiling, maximum heat flux, transition boiling, and film boiling. The review focuses on pool boiling of pure liquids, but flow boiling is also discussed briefly.

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575 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Flow boiling heat transfer in two-phase micro-channel heat sinks––I. Experimental investigation and assessment of correlation methods

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Weilin Qu¹, Issam Mudawar¹•Institutions (1)

Purdue University¹

01 Jul 2003-International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured and predicted saturated flow boiling heat transfer in a water-cooled micro-channel heat sink and found that the dominant heat transfer mechanism is forced convective boiling corresponding to annular flow.

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556 citations

Cites background from "A General Correlation for Saturated..."

...[8,30]; (b) Shah [9,31]; (c) Gungor and Winterton [32]; (d) Kandlikar [15]; (e) Liu and Winterton [33] and (f) Steiner and Taborek [34]....
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...similar to that of the Kandlikar correlation [15] q00 1⁄4 0:5–2 W/cm(2) 2 7 5 8...
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...Kandlikar correlation [15] was recommended for high G (Ref > 200) q00 ¼ 0–1:5 W/cm2 xe ¼ 0:15–0:75 Yu et al. [19] (2002) Single tube 2.98 mm i.d. Water G ¼ 50–200 kg/m2 s Nucleate boiling at wall superheats <8 C, transition boiling at wall superheats >8 C Predictions of Chen correlation [8] were compared with experimental data....
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...Kandlikar correlation [15] was recommended for high G (Ref > 200) q00 1⁄4 0–1:5 W/cm(2) xe 1⁄4 0:15–0:75...
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...4 Kandlikar [15] (1990) htp 1⁄4 Nu3 Nu4 maxðE; SÞhsp 49....
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References

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Open Access

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Book•

Convective boiling and condensation

[...]

John G. Collier, John R. Thome

01 Jan 1994

TL;DR: In this paper, the basic models of two-phase flow are discussed and empirical treatments of two phase flow are provided. But the authors focus on convective boiling and condensing.

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Abstract: Introduction 1. The basic models 2. Empirical treatments of two-phase flow 3. Introduction to convective boiling 4. Subcooled boiling heat transfer 5. Void fraction and pressure drop in subcooled boiling 6. Saturated boiling heat transfer 7. Critical heat flux in forced convective flow - 1. Vertical uniformly heated tubes 8. Critical heat flux in forced convective flow - 2. More complex situations 9. Condensation 10. Conditions influencing the performance of boiling and condensing systems 11. Multi-component boiling and condensation Appendix Index

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2,426 citations

"A General Correlation for Saturated..." refers background in this paper

...6 Comparison of hTP versus x for Kenning and Cooper's (1986) water data and six correlations; oG = 203 kg/m(2)s, q = 213,000 W/m(2) , sat = 1 2 0 ° c > D = 0....
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...The fundamental studies clearly brought out the complexities of the flow boiling mechanisms (see Collier, 1981, for a comprehensive survey)....
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...The Shah correlation is currently the most widely accepted one, and is recommended by Collier (1981)....
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...The fundamental studies clearly brought out the complexities of the flow boiling mechanisms (see Collier, 1981, for a comprehensive survey). Some of the major complexities involved are: bubble growth and departure behavior in the flow field of a two-phase mixture, distribution of the two phases relative to each other and relative to the tube wall (flow pattern and entrainment effects), departure from thermodynamic equilibrium at local conditions, characteristics of the heat transfer surface, and the effects of fluid properties. A realistic comprehensive model addressing these complexities has not yet been developed for use by equipment designers. The experimental studies on two-phase flow boiling provided the actual values of heat transfer coefficients for a number of fluids under specific ranges of operating conditions. These form the basis for developing and testing any correlation. In order to develop a general correlation, it is essential to have an extensive data base covering different fluids with a wide range of operating conditions such as mass flux, heat flux, pressure, quality, and tube diameter. In the absence of a comprehensive data bank in the literature, every researcher in this field has to undertake this task before beginning any correlation work. There are a large number of saturated flow boiling correlations (well over 30) available in the literature. Some of the well-known correlations were summarized by Kandlikar (1983). The flow boiling correlations in general may be classified into two categories....
[...]
...6 Comparison of hTP versus x for Kenning and Cooper's (1986) water data and six correlations; oG = 203 kg/m(2)s, q = 213,000 W/m(2) , sat = 1 2 0 ° c > D = 0.96 cm; sG = 202 kg/m(2)s, q = 142,000 W/m(2) , Tsat = 114°C, D = 0.96 cm; (A) proposed correlation, equations (4) and (5); (B) Shah (1982); (C) Gungor and Winterton (1987); (D) Gungor and Winterton (1986); (E) Chen (1966), (F) Bjorge et al....
[...]

Report•DOI•

A correlation for boiling heat transfer to saturated fluids in convective flow

[...]

J. C. Chen

26 Dec 1962

1,609 citations

"A General Correlation for Saturated..." refers methods in this paper

...Since the data were stored with heat flux as a parameter, an iteration scheme was needed with the Chen (1966) and Bjorge et al. (1982) correlations....
[...]
...…G = 637 kg/m2s, <j = 51,000 W/m2 , Tsat = 110°C, D = 0.81 cm: (A) proposed correlation, equations (4) and (5); (B) Shah (1982); (C) Gungor and Winterton (1987); (D) Gungor and Winterton (1986); (E) Chen (1966); (F) Bjorge et al. (1982), o —data points 5000 O 4000 E 5 £3000 K JZ 2000 1000 1 r 1— ....
[...]
...…c > D = 0.96 cm; sG = 202 kg/m2s, q = 142,000 W/m2 , Tsat = 114°C, D = 0.96 cm; (A) proposed correlation, equations (4) and (5); (B) Shah (1982); (C) Gungor and Winterton (1987); (D) Gungor and Winterton (1986); (E) Chen (1966), (F) Bjorge et al. (1982) 6000 o E g" 4000 2000 -«, I I I 1 — " % c C^-...
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Journal Article•DOI•

Correlation for boiling heat transfer to saturated fluids in convective flow

[...]

John C. Chen

01 Jul 1966-Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development

1,433 citations

A Method of Correlating Heat-Transfer Data for Surface Boiling of Liquids

[...]

Warren M. Rohsenow

01 Jan 1951

1,114 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

A general correlation for flow boiling in tubes and annuli

[...]

K.E. Gungor¹, R.H.S. Winterton¹•Institutions (1)

University of Birmingham¹

01 Mar 1986-International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer

TL;DR: In this article, a new general correlation for forced convection boiling has been developed with the aid of a large data bank consisting of over 4300 data points for water, refrigerants and ethylene glycol, covering seven fluids and 28 authors.

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1,050 citations

"A General Correlation for Saturated..." refers background or methods in this paper

...5 Comparison of hTP versus x for the Jensen and Bensler (1986) R-113 data and six correlations; G = 295 kg/m(2)s, q = 49,000 W/m(2) , '"sal = 81 °C, 0 = 0.81 cm: (A) proposed correlation, equations (4) and (5); (B) Shah (1982); (C) Gungor and Winterton (1987); (D) Gungor and Winterton (1986); (E) Chen (1966); (F) Bjorge et al....
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...The form of correlation suggested by Gungor and Winterton (1987), (hTp/hi = 1 + convective boiling term + nucleate boiling term), was also tried without any improvement....
[...]
...4 Comparison of hTP versus x for the Jensen and Bensler (1986) R-113 data and six correlations; G = 637 kg/m(2)s, <j = 51,000 W/m(2) , sat = 110°C, D = 0.81 cm: (A) proposed correlation, equations (4) and (5); (B) Shah (1982); (C) Gungor and Winterton (1987); (D) Gungor and Winterton (1986); (E) Chen (1966); (F) Bjorge et al....
[...]
...…G = 637 kg/m2s, <j = 51,000 W/m2 , Tsat = 110°C, D = 0.81 cm: (A) proposed correlation, equations (4) and (5); (B) Shah (1982); (C) Gungor and Winterton (1987); (D) Gungor and Winterton (1986); (E) Chen (1966); (F) Bjorge et al. (1982), o —data points 5000 O 4000 E 5 £3000 K JZ 2000 1000 1 r 1— ....
[...]
...4 Comparison of hTP versus x for the Jensen and Bensler (1986) R-113 data and six correlations; G = 637 kg/m(2)s, <j = 51,000 W/m(2) , sat = 110°C, D = 0....
[...]