A general equation prescribing the extent of the austenite-martensite transformation in pure iron-carbon alloys and plain carbon steels
About: This article is published in Acta Metallurgica.The article was published on 1959-01-01. It has received 1641 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Austenite & Carbon.
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TL;DR: In this article, the state of the art in the thermal, mechanical, microstructural, and technological fields of hot stamping is reviewed, and the investigations of all process sequences, from heating of the blank to hot stamps and subsequent further further processes are described.
1,397 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the structure and properties of bearing steels prior to the point of service are first assessed and described in the context of steelmaking, manufacturing and engineering requirements, followed by a thorough critique of the damage mechanisms that operate during service and in accelerated tests.
729 citations
Cites background or methods from "A general equation prescribing the ..."
...The stress can develop during the heterogeneous processing of steel due to the volume expansion associated with the transformation from austenite to various body-centred cubic phases [712]....
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...The fraction of austenite (Vγ) that remains untransformed in an otherwise martensitic steel can in principle be calculated using the Koistinen and Marburger equation [712]: Vγ ≈ exp{−0....
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TL;DR: In this article, a model for carbon partitioning between supersaturated ferrite and retained austenite is presented, where the process involves quenching the remaining austenites below the martensite-start temperature, followed by a partitioning treatment to enrich the remaining Austenite with carbon.
Abstract: A model is reviewed, that describes the endpoint of carbon partitioning between supersaturated ferrite and retained austenite. A new process, quenching and partitioning (Q&P), has been developed recently to intentionally employ such partitioning in creating useful ferrous microstructures containing retained austenite. The process involves quenching austenite below the martensite-start temperature, followed by a partitioning treatment to enrich the remaining austenite with carbon, thereby stabilizing it to room temperature. Recent experimental studies have confirmed that Q&P provides a viable means to create microstructures containing carbon-enriched retained austenite, and attractive property combinations have been achieved in a variety of materials, while opportunities remain for further optimization. Furthermore, some implications of the partitioning model with respect to fundamentals of the bainite transformation are discussed, including the possibility of displacive growth under carbon diffusion control, with an austenite composition at the α/γ interface represented by the (adjusted) T0 composition. It is suggested that individual movements of iron atoms are likely during growth of Widmanstatten ferrite, and that there may be a need for further consideration of thermally activated iron-related processes in general.
465 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the effects of solid-state phase transformation on welding residual stress and distortion in low carbon and medium carbon steels, based on a sequentially coupled thermal, metallurgical, mechanical 3-D finite element model.
463 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a new kinetic model for anisothermal metallurgical transformations, valid for diffusion controlled as well as martensitic transformations, is proposed, which is first described in the case of two phases and a unique transformation, then extended to n phases and several (possibly simultaneous and unsymmetrical) transformations.
422 citations