A globalização no Brasil: responsável ou bode expiatório?
TL;DR: After the sequence of structural adjustments decisions suggested by the IMF, Brazilian economy became wider opened, as the consequences from financial globalization were stronger than those from commercial globalization as discussed by the authors. Nevertheless, social and economical reality didn't show much improvement.
Abstract: After the sequence of structural adjustments decisions suggested by the IMF, Brazilian economy became wider opened, as the consequences from financial globalization were stronger than those from commercial globalization. Nevertheless, social and economical reality didn't show much improvement. On the contrary, figures on economic increase and inequalities show Brazil behind the average of developing countries. Even if the effects caused by "mondialisation" on weakened economies are well known, globalization can not be taken as the only guilty of weak economic increase, for maintaining the high level of inequalities or for the increase of precariousness. Responsibility must be searched on high inequalities in where operates "mondialisation", on weakness of public policies, on irresponsible way of opening of the economy and in fiscal policy in favor of financial sector. Other countries have reached quite different results, once the have adopted different public policies, which goal was to establish control and reduction upon the negatives effects of globalization.
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01 Jan 2009
TL;DR: The indicators of economic vulnerability alone cannot establish reliable forecasts, therefore, more reliable indicators such as exchange rate appreciation and other high inequalities must also be taken into account as mentioned in this paper ; the worse these indicators are, the more difficult it is not to fall into the crisis, and vice versa.
Abstract: Most economists and government leaders stated that the crisis was not going to reach Latin America; the indicators of vulnerability have improved in most of these economies. However, the crisis did reach the region and is looking increasingly severe as the days go by. The indicators of economic vulnerability alone cannot, therefore, establish reliable forecasts. More reliable indicators such as exchange rate appreciation and other high inequalities must also be taken into account. The worse these indicators are, the more difficult it is not to fall into the crisis, and vice-versa. In developed countries, the crisis has taken on a systematic character and the signs of fragility are worrying. Therefore, despite an improvement in the indicators of economic vulnerability, the crisis will have significant repercussions in emerging economies.
4 citations
TL;DR: The rise in wages inequalities, whatever may be the level of development reached, is linked to the modernization of countries, a modernization percieved as a constraint in an ever more globalised world as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The rise in wages inequalities, whatever may be the level of development reached, is linked to the modernization of countries, a modernization percieved as a constraint in an ever more globalised world. This tendency is sometimes thwarted by sustained education policies and by restrictive government policies aiming at raising low wages. But as a tendency, it is stronger when countries increase their opening rate and modify the exports structures toward ever more sophisticated products. One can however see how much it is artificial to separate technology from exports in order to measure their respective weight on the rise of inequalities.
JEL Classification: O1; F16; F4; J31.
2 citations
01 Jan 2014
1 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors analyse the desempenho dos principais estados brasileiros exportadores of carne bovina by meio dos Índices de Vantagem Comparativa Revelada (IVCR), de Posição Relativa (IPR), and da construção de uma matriz de desempersho conforme a tendência linear da série histórica desses indicadores.
Abstract: Este estudo tem o objetivo de analisar o desempenho dos principais estados brasileiros exportadores de carne bovina por meio dos Índices de Vantagem Comparativa Revelada (IVCR), de Posição Relativa (IPR) e da construção de uma matriz de desempenho conforme a tendência linear da série histórica desses indicadores. Os dados empíricos abrangem o período de 2000 a 2020 e foram coletados no banco de dados ComexStat. Os resultados indicaram que os Estados eficientes no setor foram Rondônia, Mato Grosso, Tocantins, Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul e São Paulo. Destaca-se que Rondônia é a única unidade federativa classificada como eficiente crescente, pois apresenta tendência crescente para o IVCR e IPR, indicando que o estado tem forte potencial de expandir a sua participação no setor. Mato Grosso e Tocantins foram classificados como eficiente estável. Já Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul e São Paulo foram classificadas como eficiente decrescente, pois apresentaram tendência decrescente no IVCR ou no IPR, ou mesmo em ambas.
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Posted Content•
TL;DR: The authors studied China's exporting and importing structure, using a database of 620 different goods, and built two indices of trade competition to compare Chinese impacts over 1998-2004 on 34 economies, of which 15 are Latin American.
Abstract: China's economy has expanded by leaps and bounds, with dazzling progress since it first opened to foreign investment and reform in 1978. Over the last 25 years and after a long period of economic autarky, the country has emerged as a major player in world trade. Its accession to the World Trade Organisation (WTO) in 2001 was a milestone. China presents both a threat and an opportunity for Latin American emerging markets. On average and despite some exceptions, Latin America is a clear trade winner from Chinese global integration. This contribution studies China's exporting and importing structure, using a database of 620 different goods. It builds twoindices of trade competition to compare Chinese impacts over 1998-2004 on 34 economies, of which 15 are Latin American. The results generally confirm that there is no relevant trade competition between China and Latin America. Not surprisingly, countries that export mainly commodities face lower competition, because China is a net importer of raw materials. But the emergence of China is also a wake-up call for Latin American countries. More reforms are needed, especially in infrastructures if the region wishes to maintain its comparative advantages. Latin America will have also to deal with the Chinese bonanza. The dark side of this windfall isthe risk of being stuck out of the global value chain in a raw material corner.
176 citations
"A globalização no Brasil: responsáv..." refers background in this paper
...13 Blazquez-Lidoy et al. (2006) mostra que a China compete especialmente com o México: a estrutura de suas exportações são bastante semelhantes e os custos de mão-de-obra são mais baixos na China do que no México....
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TL;DR: Offshoring is a growing phenomenon as mentioned in this paper, where companies based in high wage economies are hiring skilled workers in lower-wage economies to undertake service tasks that can be performed remotely, such as IT maintenance and call center operation.
Abstract: Executive Overview Offshoring is a growing phenomenon. Increasingly, companies based in high-wage economies are hiring skilled workers in lower-wage economies to undertake service tasks that can be performed remotely, such as IT maintenance and call center operation. Today, improvements in information technology and falling telecommunication costs mean that any activity that is not tied to a particular place by the need for customer contact, or local knowledge, or complex, face-to-face interactions with colleagues can—in theory—be performed remotely. Thanks to freer trade between countries and a reduction in the perceived risks of operating overseas, companies can choose to perform such an activity in a lower-cost offshore location, if that seems advantageous, either by outsourcing to a third party vendor, or by developing its own, captive operation. Both choices comprise what we know as “offshoring.”
94 citations
01 Jan 2006
TL;DR: In this article, the authors studied China's exporting and importing structure, using a database of 620 different goods and built two indices of trade competition to compare Chinese impacts over 1998-2004 on 34 economies, of which 15 are Latin American.
Abstract: China’s economy has expanded by leaps and bounds, with dazzling progress since it first opened to foreign investment and reform in 1978. Over the last 25 years and after a long period of economic autarky, the country has emerged as a major player in world trade. Its accession to the World Trade Organisation (WTO) in 2001 was a milestone. China presents both a threat and an opportunity for Latin American emerging markets. On average and despite some exceptions, Latin America is a clear trade winner from Chinese global integration. This contribution studies China’s exporting and importing structure, using a database of 620 different goods. It builds two indices of trade competition to compare Chinese impacts over 1998-2004 on 34 economies, of which 15 are Latin American. The results generally confirm that there is no relevant trade competition between China and Latin America. Not surprisingly, countries that export mainly commodities face lower competition, because China is a net importer of raw materials. But the emergence of China is also a wake-up call for Latin American countries. More reforms are needed, especially in infrastructures if the region wishes to maintain its comparative advantages. Latin America will have also to deal with the Chinese bonanza. The dark side of this windfall is the risk of being stuck out of the global value chain in a raw material corner.
79 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a number of facts about growth in Latin America, and show how critical correlates of growth have evolved over time, including macroeconomic volatility, lower openness, and higher income inequality.
Abstract: This paper presents a number of facts about growth in Latin America, and shows how critical correlates of growth have evolved over time. In comparison with other regions, Latin America has consistently exhibited higher macroeconomic volatility, lower openness, and higher income inequality, though openness and macroeconomic stability have improved since the early 1990s. The paper then discusses three views of why reforms have not led to higher growth in Latin America: that reforms have gone too far; that reforms have not gone far enough; and that reforms have missed the point.
64 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reassess national income inequalities in this era of globalization and conclude that globalization is creating a situation where virtually all the intercountry diversity of income distribution is the result of differences in what the rich and the poor get in each country.
Abstract: This paper reassesses national income inequalities in this era of globalization. The main conclusion is that two opposite forces are at work: one ‘centrifugal’ at the two extremes of the distribution—increasing the disparity of income shares appropriated by the top and by the bottom four deciles across countries; and the other ‘centripetal’ in the middle—increasing the uniformity of the share of income going to deciles 5 to 9. Therefore, globalization is creating a situation where virtually all the intercountry diversity of income distribution is the result of differences in what the rich and the poor get in each country.
56 citations