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A higher dimensional fractional Borel‐Pompeiu formula and a related hypercomplex fractional operator calculus

TL;DR: In this paper, a fractional integro-differential operator calculus for Clifford-algebra valued functions is presented, which exhibits an amazing duality relation between left and right operators and between Riemann-Liouville fractional derivatives.
Abstract: In this paper we develop a fractional integro-differential operator calculus for Clifford-algebra valued functions. To do that we introduce fractional analogues of the Teodorescu and Cauchy-Bitsadze operators and we investigate some of their mapping properties. As a main result we prove a fractional Borel-Pompeiu formula based on a fractional Stokes formula. This tool in hand allows us to present a Hodge-type decomposition for the fractional Dirac operator. Our results exhibit an amazing duality relation between left and right operators and between Caputo and Riemann-Liouville fractional derivatives. We round off this paper by presenting a direct application to the resolution of boundary value problems related to Laplace operators of fractional order.

Summary (2 min read)

1 Introduction

  • Properties and applications of ∗The final version is published in Mathematical Methods in the Applied Science, in press.
  • Additionally, in [4] the authors also investigated some interesting connections between the Teodorescu operator and Hermitian regular functions.
  • Actually, in classical three-dimensional vector analysis it is nothing else than the decomposition of an arbitrary sufficiently regular vector field into the sum of a divergence free field (having a vector potential) and a curl free vector field (having a scalar potential).
  • In Section 3, the authors present the fundamental solutions of the fractional Laplace and Dirac operators in Rn, defined by left Riemann-Liouville and Caputo fractional derivatives.

3 Fundamental solutions revisited

  • In [10] and [12] the authors considered the so-called three-parameter fractional Laplace and Dirac operators defined in terms of the left Riemann-Liouville and Caputo fractional derivatives, and obtained families of eigenfunctions and fundamental solutions for both operators.
  • For the fractional Dirac operator CDαa+ the authors can obtain a family of fundamental solutions by applying the operator CDαa+ to the family of fundamental solutions of the operator C∆αa+ .
  • Now the authors present the corresponding results for the Riemann-Liouville case.

4 Fractional Teodorescu and Cauchy-Bitsadze operators

  • In this section the authors introduce and study the main properties of the fractional analogues of the classical Teodorescu and Cauchy-Bitsadze operators described in [17].
  • Suppose that f and g satisfy the above mentioned conditions, also known as Proof.
  • Before the authors deduce two properties of the fractional integral operators (59) and (60), they need to understand the behaviour of their fractional derivatives when the argument of the function over which they apply the derivatives is only translated.
  • Concerning (63) the deduction is even more direct because the operator C a+k ∂ 1+αk 2 xk only acts on the functions g0 and g1.

5 Hodge-type decomposition

  • The aim of this section is to obtain a Hodge-type decomposition and to present an immediate application of this decomposition for the resolution of boundary value problems involving the fractional Laplace operator.
  • To realize this the authors need first the following lemma.
  • Hence, the intersection of these subspaces only contains the zero function, which implies that the sum is direct.
  • Since f ∈ Lq(Ω) was arbitrarily chosen their decomposition is a direct decomposition of the space Lq(Ω).
  • The proof is based on applying the properties of the operator CTα and of the projector CQα.

6 Conclusion

  • In this work the authors presented a generalization of several results of the classical continuous Clifford function theory developed in [17] in the context of fractional Clifford analysis.
  • Due to the “double duality” indicated previously, some of the previous results admit alternative versions, for instance, for the operator RLDαa+ .
  • Moreover, it is desirable to obtain an explicit expression for the fundamental solutions finding appropriate functions g0 and g1.

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A higher dimensional fractional Borel-Pompeiu formula
and a related hypercomplex fractional operator calculus
M. Ferreira
§,
, R.S. Kraußhar
]
, M.M. Rodrigues
, N. Vieira
§
School of Technology and Management,
Polytechnic Institute of Leiria
P-2411-901, Leiria, Portugal.
E-mail: milton.ferreira@ipleiria.pt
]
Fachgebiet Mathematik,
Erziehungswissenschaftliche Fakult¨at, Universit¨at Erfurt
Nordh¨auserstr. 63, 99089 Erfurt.
E-mail: soeren.krausshar@uni-erfurt.de
CIDMA - Center for Research and Development in Mathematics and Applications
Department of Mathematics, University of Aveiro
Campus Universit´ario de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
E-mails: mferreira@ua.pt, mrodrigues@ua.pt, nloureirovieira@gmail.com
Abstract
In this paper we develop a fractional integro-differential operator calculus for Clifford-algebra valued
functions. To do that we introduce fractional analogues of the Teodorescu and Cauchy-Bitsadze operators
and we investigate some of their mapping properties. As a main result we prove a fractional Borel-Pompeiu
formula based on a fractional Stokes formula. This tool in hand allows us to present a Hodge-type decom-
position for the fractional Dirac operator. Our results exhibit an amazing duality relation between left and
right operators and between Caputo and Riemann-Liouville fractional derivatives. We round off this paper
by presenting a direct application to the resolution of boundary value problems related to Laplace operators
of fractional order.
Keywords: Fractional Clifford analysis; Fractional derivatives; Stokes’s formula; Borel-Pompeiu for-
mula; Cauchy’s integral formula; Hodge-type decomposition.
MSC 2010: 35R11; 30G35; 26A33; 35A08; 30E20; 45P05.
1 Introduction
Clifford analysis offers a higher dimensional generalization of the classical theory of complex holomorphic func-
tions. Its tools can be applied to several different areas, for instance to quantum mechanics, quantum field
theory [15], projective geometry, computer graphics [30], neural network theory [3] and to many other areas
of physics and engineering [17]. The corresponding analogy of the class of complex holomorphic functions is
that of monogenic functions. These are the null solutions to the Dirac operator. The latter operator factorizes
the Laplace operator and provides a first order generalization of the well-known Cauchy-Riemann operator in
complex analysis (see [5,8]).
A main tool that Clifford holomorphic function theory uses in the treatment of boundary value problems
is the Teodorescu operator, which is the right inverse of the Dirac operator. Properties and applications of
The final version is published in Mathematical Methods in the Applied Science, in press. It as available via the website: ???.
1

the hypercomplex Teodorescu operator have been studied by many authors (see for instance [29] for a list of
references). In the context of quaternionic and Clifford analysis, K. urlebeck and W. Spr¨oßig studied among
many others particular mapping and regularity properties of this integral operator. Furthermore, they studied
its connections to elliptic boundary value problems (see [17]). Additionally, in [4] the authors also investigated
some interesting connections between the Teodorescu operator and Hermitian regular functions. An extension
to the time-dependent case addressing the heat and the Schr¨odinger operator has been presented subsequentially
in [6].
Another central aspect that appears in the classical vector calculus and in generalized Clifford holomorphic
function theories is the Helmholtz decomposition of L
2
-spaces. Actually, in classical three-dimensional vector
analysis it is nothing else than the decomposition of an arbitrary sufficiently regular vector field into the sum
of a divergence free field (having a vector potential) and a curl free vector field (having a scalar potential).
This particular space decomposition together with the Teodorescu operator calculus provides a very elegant
resolution toolkit for boundary value problems in the corresponding scales of Hilbert-Sobolev spaces. For more
details we also refer to the survey paper [27]. For the time-dependent case, see for instance [7, 22, 23].
A parallel development over the last years consists of a rapidly increasing interest in the theory of derivatives
and integrals of non-integer order. Apart from several applications of fractional order models, as for example,
to kinetic theories, statistical mechanics, to the dynamics in complex media, and to many other fields (see [28]
and the references indicated therein), those methods provide an important counterpart and extension of the
classical integer order models. The advantage of fractional models consists in the possibility of using fractional
derivatives to describe the memory and hereditary properties of various materials and processes. Another field
of application consists in addressing differential equations related to flows with permeable boundaries, such
as for instance dam-fill problems which provides a further important motivation to develop three-dimensional
generalizations of harmonic and Clifford analysis tools for the fractional setting. Preceding work pointing in
this direction can be found in [18,19] where the fractional p-Laplace equation has been treated.
Behind this background, the development of links between Clifford analysis and fractional differential calcu-
lus represents a very recent topic of research. In particular, some first steps in the direction of an introduction
of a fractional Clifford analytic function theory have been made in [10–12, 14]. In these papers, the authors
determined series representations for the fundamental solution related to some stationary and non-stationary
fractional Dirac-type operators. The knowledge of explicit representation formulas of these fundamental so-
lutions represents a corner stone in the development of a fractional version of Clifford analysis. The latter
functions serve as kernels for fractional integral operators, such as the fractional Teodorescu operator that we
are going to introduce and to investigate in this paper.
The aim of this paper is to apply the fundamental solutions obtained in [10, 12] in order to develop the
fundamentals of a fractional operator calculus related to the fractional Dirac operator that depends on a vector
of fractional parameters α = (α
1
, . . . , α
n
) with α
i
]0, 1], i = 1, . . . , n. We introduce fractional analogues of
the Teodorescu operator and of the Cauchy-Bitsadze operator, and we investigate some important mapping
properties. Moreover, we present a Hodge-type decomposition for the fractional Dirac operator defined via
left Caputo fractional derivatives. The results that we obtain exhibit an amazingly interesting “double duality”
between left and right operators and between Caputo and Riemann-Liouville fractional derivatives. This double
duality appears in a non-trivial generalization of the Stokes formula as well as in the fractional Borel-Pompeiu
formula and in the Hodge-type decomposition that we are going to present subsequentially. Throughout the
paper we show that we can always re-obtain the results of the classical function theory for the Dirac operator
when switching to the limit case when α = (1, . . . , 1). The analogous of the results presented in this paper for
the case of the time-fractional parabolic Dirac operator can be found in [13].
The structure of the paper reads as follows. In the Preliminaries section we recall some basic definitions
from the fractional calculus, special functions, and Clifford analysis. In Section 3, we present the fundamental
solutions of the fractional Laplace and Dirac operators in R
n
, defined by left Riemann-Liouville and Caputo
fractional derivatives. Moreover, we prove that these functions belong to the function space L
1
(Ω) under certain
conditions. Throughout the whole paper we assume that is a bounded open rectangular domain. In Section
4, we introduce and study the main properties of the fractional analogues of the Teodorescu operator and of the
Cauchy-Bitsadze operator. Finally, in Section 5 we present a Hodge-type decomposition for the L
q
-space, where
one of the components is the kernel of the fractional Dirac operator defined in terms of left Caputo fractional
2

derivatives. This decomposition represents a main result in the paper apart from proving the generalizations of
the Borel-Pompeiu formulae in the context of Caputo derivatives. In the analysis of the mapping properties and
the regularity properties there still appear some further peculiarities that require special attention. We round
off this paper by giving an immediate application to the resolution of boundary value problems involving the
fractional Laplace operators.
2 Preliminaries
2.1 Fractional calculus and special functions
Let a, b R with a < b let α > 0. The left and right Riemann-Liouville fractional integrals I
α
a
+
and I
α
b
of order
α are given by (see [21])
(I
α
a
+
f) (x) =
1
Γ(α)
Z
x
a
f(t)
(x t)
1α
dt, x > a (1)
(I
α
b
f) (x) =
1
Γ(α)
Z
b
x
f(t)
(t x)
1α
dt, x < b. (2)
By
RL
D
α
a
+
and
RL
D
α
b
we denote the left and right Riemann-Liouville fractional derivatives of order α > 0 on
[a, b] R, which are defined by (see [21])
RL
D
α
a
+
f
(x) =
D
m
I
mα
a
+
f
(x) =
1
Γ(m α)
d
m
dx
m
Z
x
a
f(t)
(x t)
αm+1
dt, x > a (3)
RL
D
α
b
f
(x) = (1)
m
D
m
I
mα
b
f
(x) =
(1)
m
Γ(m α)
d
m
dx
m
Z
b
x
f(t)
(t x)
αm+1
dt, x < b. (4)
Here, m = [α] + 1 and [α] means the integer part of α. Let
C
D
α
a
+
and
C
D
α
b
denote, respectively, the left and
right Caputo fractional derivative of order α > 0 on [a, b] R, which are defined by (see [21])
C
D
α
a
+
f
(x) =
I
mα
a
+
D
m
f
(x) =
1
Γ(m α)
Z
x
a
f
(m)
(t)
(x t)
αm+1
dt, x > a (5)
C
D
α
b
f
(x) = (1)
m
I
mα
b
D
m
f
(x) =
(1)
m
Γ(m α)
Z
b
x
f
(m)
(t)
(t x)
αm+1
dt, x < b. (6)
We denote by I
α
a
+
(L
1
) the class of functions f that are represented by the fractional integral (1) of a summable
function, that is f = I
α
a
+
ϕ, with ϕ L
1
(a, b). A description of this class of functions is given in [26].
Theorem 2.1 (cf. [26]) A function f belongs to I
α
a
+
(L
1
), α > 0, if and only if I
mα
a
+
f belongs to AC
m
([a, b]),
m = [α] + 1 and (I
mα
a
+
f)
(k)
(a) = 0, k = 0, . . . , m 1.
In Theorem 2.1, AC
m
([a, b]) denotes the class of functions f which are continuously differentiable on the segment
[a, b] up to the order m 1 and f
(m1)
is supposed to be absolutely continuous on [a, b]. We note that the
conditions (I
mα
a
+
f)
(k)
(a) = 0, k = 0, . . . , m1, imply that f
(k)
(a) = 0, k = 0, . . . , m1 (see [25,26]). Removing
the last condition in Theorem 2.1 we obtain the class of functions that admit a summable fractional derivative.
Definition 2.2 (see [26]) A function f L
1
(a, b) has a summable fractional derivative
D
α
a
+
f
(x) if
I
mα
a
+
f
(x)
belongs to AC
m
([a, b]), where m = [α] + 1.
If a function f admits a summable fractional derivative, then we have the following composition rules (see [26]
and [25], respectively)
I
α
a
+
RL
D
α
a
+
f
(x) = f(x)
m1
X
k=0
(x a)
αk1
Γ(α k)
I
mα
a
+
f
(mk1)
(a), m = [α] + 1 (7)
I
α
a
+
C
D
α
a
+
f
(x) = f(x)
m1
X
k=0
f
(k)
(a)
k!
(x a)
k
, m = [α] + 1. (8)
3

We remark that if f I
α
a
+
(L
1
) then (7) and (8) reduce to
I
α
a
+
RL
D
α
a
+
f
(x) =
I
α
a
+
C
D
α
a
+
f
(x) = f(x). Nev-
ertheless we note that D
α
a
+
I
α
a
+
f = f in both cases. This is a particular case of a more general property
(cf. [25, (2.114)])
D
α
a
+
I
γ
a
+
f
= D
αγ
a
+
f, α γ > 0. (9)
One important function used in this paper is the two-parameter Mittag-Leffler function E
µ,ν
(z) (see [16]),
which is defined in terms of the power series by
E
µ,ν
(z) =
X
n=0
z
n
Γ(µn + ν)
, µ > 0, ν > 0, z C. (10)
In particular, the function E
µ,ν
(z) is entire of order ρ =
1
µ
and type σ = 1. From the power series (10) and the
operators (1), (3) and (5), we can obtain by straightforward calculations the following fractional integral and
differential formulae involving E
µ,ν
(z) (see [16, pp. 87-88]):
I
α
a
+
(x a)
ν1
E
µ,ν
(k(x a)
µ
)
= (x a)
α+ν1
E
µ,ν+α
(k(x a)
µ
) (11)
for all α > 0, k C, x > a, µ > 0, ν > 0,
RL
D
α
a
+
(x a)
ν1
E
µ,ν
(k(x a)
µ
)
= (x a)
να1
E
µ,να
(k(x a)
µ
) (12)
for all α > 0, k C, x > a, µ > 0, ν > 0, ν 6= α p, where p = 0, . . . , m 1 with m = [α] + 1, and
C
D
α
a
+
(x a)
ν1
E
µ,ν
(k(x a)
µ
)
= (x a)
να1
E
µ,να
(k(x a)
µ
) (13)
for all α > 0, k C, x > a, µ > 0, ν > 0, ν 6= p, where p = 1, . . . , m with m = [α] + 1.
Remark 2.3 For ν = α p with p = 0, . . . , m 1, we have that
RL
D
α
a
+
((x a)
αp1
) = 0 which implies that
the first term in the series expansion of (x a)
ν1
E
µ,ν
(k(x a)
µ
) vanishes. Therefore, the derivation rule (12)
must be replaced in these cases by the following derivation rule:
RL
D
α
a
+
(x a)
αp1
E
µ,αp
(k(x a)
µ
)
= (x a)
µp1
k E
µ,µp
(k(x a)
µ
) , p = 0, . . . , m 1. (14)
Remark 2.4 For ν = p with p = 1, . . . , m, we have that
C
D
α
a
+
((x a)
p1
) = 0 which implies that the first
term in the series expansion of (x a)
ν1
E
µ,ν
(k(x a)
µ
) vanishes. Therefore, the derivation rule (13) must
be replaced in these cases by the following derivation rule:
C
D
α
a
+
(x a)
p1
E
µ,p
(k(x a)
µ
)
= (x a)
µ+pα1
k E
µ,µ+pα
(k(x a)
µ
) , p = 1, . . . , m. (15)
The approach presented in this paper is based on the Laplace transform and leads to the solution of a linear
Abel integral equation of the second kind.
Theorem 2.5 ( [16, Thm. 4.2]) Let f L
1
[a, b], α > 0 and λ C. Then the integral equation
u(x) = f(x) +
λ
Γ(α)
Z
x
a
(x t)
α1
u(t) dt, x [a, b]
has a unique solution
u(x) = f(x) + λ
Z
x
a
(x t)
α1
E
α,α
(λ(x t)
α
)f(t) dt. (16)
Now we recall the formula for fractional integration by parts for 0 < α < 1 and x [a, b] (see [1])
Z
b
a
g(x)
C
D
α
a
+
f
(x) dx =
Z
b
a
f(x)
RL
D
α
b
g
(x) dx + [f(x) (I
α
b
g) (x)]
b
a
,
Z
b
a
g(x)
C
D
α
b
f
(x) dx =
Z
b
a
f(x)
RL
D
α
a
+
g
(x) dx [f(x) I
α
a
+
g(x)]
b
a
.
We end this section by recalling an important result about the boundedness of the fractional integrals I
α
a
+
and
I
α
b
(see Theorem 3.5 in [26]).
Theorem 2.6 If 0 < α < 1 and 1 < p <
1
α
then the operators I
α
a
+
and I
α
b
are bounded from L
p
(a, b) into
L
q
(a, b), where q =
p
1αp
and [a, b] R.
4

2.2 Clifford analysis
Let {e
1
, ··· , e
n
} be the standard basis of the Euclidean vector space in R
n
. The associated Clifford algebra
R
0,n
is the free algebra generated by R
n
modulo x
2
= −||x||
2
e
0
, where x R
n
and e
0
is the neutral element
with respect to the multiplication operation in the Clifford algebra R
0,n
. The defining relation induces the
multiplication rules
e
i
e
j
+ e
j
e
i
= 2δ
ij
, (17)
where δ
ij
denotes the Kronecker’s delta. In particular, e
2
i
= 1 for all i = 1, . . . , n. The standard basis vectors
thus operate as imaginary units. A vector space basis for R
0,n
is given by the set {e
A
: A {1, . . . , n}} with
e
A
= e
l
1
e
l
2
. . . e
l
r
, where 1 l
1
< . . . < l
r
n, 0 r n, e
:= e
0
:= 1. Each a R
0,n
can be written in the
form a =
P
A
a
A
e
A
, with a
A
R. The conjugation in the Clifford algebra R
0,n
is defined by a =
P
A
a
A
e
A
,
where e
A
= e
l
r
e
l
r1
. . . e
l
1
, and e
j
= e
j
for j = 1, . . . , n, e
0
= e
0
= 1. Each non-zero vector a R
n
has a
multiplicative inverse given by
a
||a||
2
.
An R
0,n
valued function f over R
n
has the representation f =
P
A
e
A
f
A
with components f
A
:
R
0,n
. Properties such as continuity or differentiability have to be understood componentwise. Next, we recall
the Euclidean Dirac operator D =
P
n
j=1
e
j
x
j
. This operator satisfies D
2
= ∆, where is the n-dimensional
Euclidean Laplacian. An R
0,n
-valued function f is called left-monogenic if it satisfies Du = 0 on (resp.
right-monogenic if it satisfies uD = 0 on Ω).
For more details about Clifford algebras and basic concepts of its associated function theory we refer the
interested reader for example to [8].
3 Fundamental solutions revisited
In [10] and [12] the authors considered the so-called three-parameter fractional Laplace and Dirac operators
defined in terms of the left Riemann-Liouville and Caputo fractional derivatives, and obtained families of
eigenfunctions and fundamental solutions for both operators. In this section we present the generalization of
these results for R
n
. Let =
Q
n
i=1
]a
i
, b
i
[ be any bounded open rectangular domain, let α = (α
1
, . . . , α
n
), with
α
i
]0, 1], i = 1, . . . , n, and let us consider the n-parameter fractional Laplace operators
RL
α
a
+
and
C
α
a
+
defined over by means of the left Riemann-Liouville and left Caputo fractional derivatives, respectively, given
by
RL
α
a
+
=
n
X
i=1
RL
a
+
i
1+α
i
x
i
,
C
α
a
+
=
n
X
i=1
C
a
+
i
1+α
i
x
i
. (18)
Associated to them there are the corresponding fractional Dirac operators
RL
D
α
a
+
and
C
D
α
a
+
defined by
RL
D
α
a
+
=
n
X
i=1
e
i
RL
a
+
i
1+α
i
2
x
i
,
C
D
α
a
+
=
n
X
i=1
e
i
C
a
+
i
1+α
i
2
x
i
. (19)
For i = 1, . . . , n the partial derivatives
RL
a
+
i
1+α
i
x
i
,
RL
a
+
i
1+α
i
2
x
i
,
C
a
+
i
1+α
i
x
i
and
C
a
+
i
1+α
i
2
x
i
are the left Riemann-Liouville
and Caputo fractional derivatives (3) and (5) of orders 1 + α
i
and
1+α
i
2
, with respect to the variable x
i
]a
i
, b
i
[.
Under certain conditions we have that
RL
α
a
+
=
RL
D
α
a
+
RL
D
α
a
+
(see [10]), and
C
α
a
+
=
C
D
α
a
+
C
D
α
a
+
(see
[12]). Due to the nature of the eigenfunctions and the fundamental solution of these operators we additionally
need to consider the variable bx = (x
2
, . . . , x
n
)
b
=
Q
n
i=2
]a
i
, b
i
[, and the fractional Laplace and Dirac operators
acting on bx defined by
RL
b
α
a
+
=
n
X
i=2
RL
a
+
i
1+α
i
x
i
,
C
b
α
a
+
=
n
X
i=2
C
a
+
i
1+α
i
x
i
,
RL
b
D
α
a
+
=
n
X
i=2
e
i
RL
a
+
i
1+α
i
2
x
i
,
C
b
D
α
a
+
=
n
X
i=2
e
i
C
a
+
i
1+α
i
2
x
i
. (20)
We start by addressing the Caputo case. Consider the eigenfunction problem
C
α
a
+
v(x) = λv(x), (21)
5

Citations
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Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2015

3,828 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
10 Sep 2021
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the solutions of nonlinear div-curl systems with fractional derivatives of the Riemann-Liouville or Caputo types. And they derived general solutions of some non-homogeneous div-Curl systems that consider the presence of fractional-order derivatives of either of these types.
Abstract: In this work, we investigate analytically the solutions of a nonlinear div-curl system with fractional derivatives of the Riemann–Liouville or Caputo types. To this end, the fractional-order vector operators of divergence, curl and gradient are identified as components of the fractional Dirac operator in quaternionic form. As one of the most important results of this manuscript, we derive general solutions of some non-homogeneous div-curl systems that consider the presence of fractional-order derivatives of the Riemann–Liouville or Caputo types. A fractional analogous to the Teodorescu transform is presented in this work, and we employ some properties of its component operators, developed in this work to establish a generalization of the Helmholtz decomposition theorem in fractional space. Additionally, right inverses of the fractional-order curl, divergence and gradient vector operators are obtained using Riemann–Liouville and Caputo fractional operators. Finally, some consequences of these results are provided as applications at the end of this work.

10 citations

Posted Content
TL;DR: In this article, a fractional analogue of Borel-Pompeiu formula is established as a first step to develop fractional $\psi-$hyperholomorphic function theory and the related operator calculus.
Abstract: Quaternionic analysis relies heavily on results on functions defined on domains in $\mathbb R^4$ (or $\mathbb R^3$) with values in $\mathbb H$. This theory is centered around the concept of $\psi-$hyperholomorphic functions i.e., null-solutions of the $\psi-$Fueter operator related to a so-called structural set $\psi$ of $\mathbb H^4$. Fractional calculus, involving derivatives-integrals of arbitrary real or complex order, is the natural generalization of the classical calculus, which in the latter years became a well-suited tool by many researchers working in several branches of science and engineering. In theoretical setting, associated with a fractional $\psi-$Fueter operator that depends on an additional vector of complex parameters with fractional real parts, this paper establishes a fractional analogue of Borel-Pompeiu formula as a first step to develop a fractional $\psi-$hyperholomorphic function theory and the related operator calculus.

1 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , the fractional ψ−$$ \psi - $$ hyperholomorphic function theory with fractional calculus with respect to another function is combined with hyperholomorphism theory with a fractional Borel-Pompeiu type formula.
Abstract: In this paper, we combine the fractional ψ−$$ \psi - $$ hyperholomorphic function theory with the fractional calculus with respect to another function. As a main result, a fractional Borel–Pompeiu type formula related to a fractional ψ−$$ \psi - $$ Fueter operator with respect to a vector‐valued function is proved.

1 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a Hodge decomposition for the parabolic Dirac operator with non-constant coefficients is presented, where one of the components is the kernel of the regularized Dirac.
Abstract: In this paper, we present a Hodge decomposition for the \(L_p\)-space of some parabolic first-order partial differential operators with non-constant coefficients. This is done over different types of domains in Euclidean space \(\mathbb{R }^n\) and on some conformally flat cylinders and the \(n\)-torus associated with different spinor bundles. Initially, we apply a regularization procedure in order to control the non-removable singularities over the hyperplane \(t=0\). Using the setting of Clifford algebras combined with a Witt basis, we introduce some specific integral and projection operators. We present an \(L_p\)-decomposition where one of the components is the kernel of the regularized parabolic Dirac operator with non-constant coefficients. After that, we study the behavior of the solutions and the validity of our results when the regularization parameter tends to zero. To round off, we give some analytic solution formulas for the special context of domains on cylinders and \(n\)-tori.

3 citations


Additional excerpts

  • ...Therefore, the derivation rule (12) must be replaced in these cases by the following derivation rule: Da+ ( (x − a)Eμ,α−p (k(x − a)) ) = (x − a)kEμ,μ−p (k(x − a)) , p = 0, ....

    [...]

  • ...From the power series (10) and the operators (1), (3), and (5), we can obtain by straightforward calculations the following fractional integral and differential formulae involving Eμ,ν(z) (see Gorenflo et al25, pp87-88): I a+ ( (x − a)Eμ,ν (k(x − a)) ) = (x − a)Eμ,ν+α (k(x − a)) (11) for all α > 0, k ∈ C, x > a, μ > 0, ν > 0, Da+ ( (x − a)Eμ,ν (k(x − a)) ) = (x − a)Eμ,ν−α (k(x − a)) (12) for all α > 0, k ∈ C, x > a, μ > 0, ν > 0, ν ≠ α − p, where p = 0, ....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a Hodge-type decomposition for variable exponent spaces with non-constant coefficients is presented, where one of the components is the kernel of the parabolic-type Dirac operator.
Abstract: In this paper we present a Hodge-type decomposition for variable exponent spaces More concretely, we address some time-dependent parabolic firstorder partial differential operators with non-constant coefficients, where one of the components is the kernel of the parabolic-type Dirac operator This decomposition is presented over different types of domains in the n-dimensional Euclidean space n-dimensional Euclidean space \({\mathbb{R}^{n}}\) The case of the time-dependent Schrodinger operator is included as a special case within this context

1 citations


"A higher dimensional fractional Bor..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...Therefore, the derivation rule (13) must be replaced in these cases by the following derivation rule: Da+ ( (x − a)Eμ,p (k(x − a)) ) = (x − a)kEμ,μ+p−α (k(x − a)) , p = 1, ....

    [...]

  • ...Applying the operator Ca+1 ∂ 1+α1 2 x1 to Cα+ and relying on (13), we obtain the expression (62)....

    [...]

  • ...,m − 1 with m = [α] + 1, and Da+ ( (x − a)Eμ,ν (k(x − a)) ) = (x − a)Eμ,ν−α (k(x − a)) (13) for all α > 0, k ∈ C, x > a, μ > 0, ν > 0, ν ≠ p, where p = 1, ....

    [...]