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Book Chapter•DOI•

A History of Calcium Orthophosphates (CaPO 4 ) from 1770s till 1950

TL;DR: A detailed annals of the knowledge development on CaPO 4 can be found in this article, where the authors provide a detailed overview of the past knowledge development of CaPO4.
Abstract: Due to the chemical similarity with human bones and teeth, calcium orthophosphates (CaPO 4 ) are the inorganic substances of a special importance for the human being: they appear to be the excellent compounds to construct artificial bone grafts. In addition, CaPO 4 are necessary for both animals and plants as the source of important chemical elements. Obviously, these well known facts have not become apparent immediately; thus, the purpose of this article is to provide the detailed annals of the knowledge development on CaPO 4 . The chosen time scale started with the earliest available studies of shortly before 1770s (to the best of my findings, CaPO 4 had been unknown before), passed through the entire nineteenth century and finished in 1950, because since then the amount of publications rapidly increased and the subject became too broad. In addition, since publications of the second half of the twentieth century are easily accessible, other scientists have already reviewed the substantial amount of them. Many forgotten and poorly known historical facts, names, approaches, concepts, and misconceptions have been extracted from the old publications. To maximize objectivity, an extensive quotation has been used. Then the old data have been systematized, reanalyzed, and reconsidered from the modern points of view. The reported historical findings clearly demonstrate that many famous scientists of the past contributed to the subject. Furthermore, the significant quantity of the modern scientific facts, ideas, and experimental approaches appear to have been known for very many decades and, in fact, a good deal of the recent investigations on CaPO 4 is just either a further development of the earlier studies or a rediscovery of the already forgotten knowledge.
References
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Journal Article•DOI•
01 Apr 1973-Virology
TL;DR: A new technique for assaying infectivity of adenovirus 5 DNA has been developed and a reproducible relationship between amounts of DNA inoculated per culture and numbers of plaques produced was demonstrated.

9,230 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Tadashi Kokubo1, H. Kushitani1, Sumio Sakka1, Toshiaki Kitsugi1, Takao Yamamuro1 •
TL;DR: The results support the concept that the apatite phase on the surface of glass-ceramic A-W is formed by a chemical reaction of the glass- Aceramic with the Ca2+, HPO4(2-), and OH- ions in the body fluid.
Abstract: High-strength bioactive glass-ceramic A-W was soaked in various acellular aqueous solutions different in ion concentrations and pH. After soaking for 7 and 30 days, surface structural changes of the glass-ceramic were investigated by means of Fourier transform infrared reflection spectroscopy, thin-film x-ray diffraction, and scanning electronmicroscopic observations, in comparison with in vivo surface structural changes. So-called Tris buffer solution, pure water buffered with trishydroxymethyl-aminomethane, which had been used by various workers as a "simulated body fluid," did not reproduce the in vivo surface structural changes, i.e., apatite formation on the surface. A solution, ion concentrations and pH of which are almost equal to those of the human blood plasma--i.e., Na+ 142.0, K+ 5.0, Mg2+ 1.5, Ca2+ 2.5, Cl- 148.8, HCO3- 4.2 and PO4(2-) 1.0 mM and buffered at pH 7.25 with the trishydroxymethyl-aminomethane--most precisely reproduced in vivo surface structure change. This shows that careful selection of simulated body fluid is required for in vitro experiments. The results also support the concept that the apatite phase on the surface of glass-ceramic A-W is formed by a chemical reaction of the glass-ceramic with the Ca2+, HPO4(2-), and OH- ions in the body fluid.

3,597 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: A theoretical model to explain the interfacial bonding is based upon in-vitro studies of glass-ceramic solubility in interfacial hydroxyapatite crystallization mechanisms, compared with in- vivo rat femur implant histology and ultrastructure results.
Abstract: The development of a bone-bonding calcia-phosposilicate glass-ceramic is discussed. A theoretical model to explain the interfacial bonding is based upon in-vitro studies of glass-ceramic solubility in interfacial hydroxyapatite crystallization mechanisms, compared with in-vivo rat femur implant histology and ultrastructure results.

2,619 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
TL;DR: Calcium Phosphate Ceramics as Hard Tissue Prosthetics and its Applications in Orthopaedics and Related Research.
Abstract: Calcium Phosphate Ceramics as Hard Tissue Prosthetics MICHAEL JARCHO; Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research

1,862 citations